{"id":355203,"date":"2024-05-20T23:03:46","date_gmt":"2024-05-20T23:03:46","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/savepearlharbor.com\/?p=355203"},"modified":"-0001-11-30T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"-0001-11-29T21:00:00","slug":"","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/savepearlharbor.com\/?p=355203","title":{"rendered":"<span>20 \u0441\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f 2023: \u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e 400 \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0430\u0440\u0438\u0444\u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0443<\/span>"},"content":{"rendered":"<div><!--[--><!--]--><\/div>\n<div id=\"post-content-body\">\n<div>\n<div class=\"article-formatted-body article-formatted-body article-formatted-body_version-2\">\n<div xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xhtml\">\n<p>\u0420\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e 400 \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0434 \u2014 <strong>20 \u0441\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f 1623 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430<\/strong>, \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0446\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u0447\u0451\u043d\u044b\u0439, \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a, \u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c, \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0412\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0433\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043c \u0428\u0438\u043a\u043a\u0430\u0440\u0434 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b \u0432 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0435 \u0418\u043e\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0443 \u041a\u0435\u043f\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0443 \u043e \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0430\u0440\u0438\u0444\u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u2014 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0447\u0451\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u044b:<\/p>\n<p><em>\u00ab\u0422\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0442\u044b \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043b \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0451\u043c \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u044f \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438. \u042f \u0441\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0443, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u0438\u0437 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0446\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u0443\u0431\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0441; \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0447\u0451\u0442 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0432\u044b\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0443\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0436\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442. \u0422\u044b \u0431\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0445\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c, \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u044f \u0437\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0442 \u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u043f\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e \u0438\u043b\u0438, \u043d\u0430\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442, \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438&#8230;\u00bb<\/em><\/p>\n<figure class=\"full-width\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/habrastorage.org\/r\/w780q1\/getpro\/habr\/upload_files\/d84\/07d\/c50\/d8407dc505198c4af547fa376f308067.jpg\" alt=\"\u042d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0428\u0438\u043a\u043a\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0430, \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a: https:\/\/uni-tuebingen.de\/fakultaeten\/mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche-fakultaet\/fachbereiche\/informatik\/fachbereich\/geschichtliches\/schickards-rechenmaschine\/\" title=\"\u042d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0428\u0438\u043a\u043a\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0430, \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a: https:\/\/uni-tuebingen.de\/fakultaeten\/mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche-fakultaet\/fachbereiche\/informatik\/fachbereich\/geschichtliches\/schickards-rechenmaschine\/\" width=\"1260\" height=\"1587\" data-src=\"https:\/\/habrastorage.org\/getpro\/habr\/upload_files\/d84\/07d\/c50\/d8407dc505198c4af547fa376f308067.jpg\" data-blurred=\"true\"\/><\/p>\n<div><figcaption>\u042d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0428\u0438\u043a\u043a\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0430, \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a: <a href=\"https:\/\/uni-tuebingen.de\/fakultaeten\/mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche-fakultaet\/fachbereiche\/informatik\/fachbereich\/geschichtliches\/schickards-rechenmaschine\/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/uni-tuebingen.de\/fakultaeten\/mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche-fakultaet\/fachbereiche\/informatik\/fachbereich\/geschichtliches\/schickards-rechenmaschine\/<\/a><\/figcaption><\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<p>\u041f\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0443 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430 \u0438 \u044d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0437\u0430\u043c \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0446\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bruno_von_Freytag-L%C3%B6ringhoff\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">\u0411\u0440\u0443\u043d\u043e \u0411\u0430\u0440\u043e\u043d \u0444\u043e\u043d \u0424\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0442\u0430\u0433 \u041b\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0433\u043e\u0444\u0444<\/a> \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 1957 \u0438 1960 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043b \u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u043d\u043e, \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e, \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0432\u044b\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0414\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u0440\u0438\u0444\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043b \u0411\u043b\u0435\u0437 \u041f\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c.<\/p>\n<p>\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u041b\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0433\u043e\u0444\u0444\u0430 \u0441 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430 \u0438 \u044d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430:<br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/phbl.19580140804\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/phbl.19580140804<\/a><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/phbl.19580140804\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/phbl.19580140804<\/a><br \/>pdf: <a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/phbl.19580140804\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/phbl.19580140804<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u0424\u0440\u0430\u0433\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u0441 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043b\u0430\u0442\u044b\u043d\u0438:<\/p>\n<p><em>Uber die erste Maschine und ihr gutes Funktionieren hatte Schickhardt bereits in einem gleichfalls vorliegenden und langst veroffentlichten Brief vom 20. September 1623 (!) an Kepler berichtet: &#171;&#8230; quae datos numeros statim authomatos computet, addat, subtrahat, multiplicet, dividatque. Rideres Clare, si praesens cerneres, quomodo sinistras denarium vel centenarium supergressos sua sponte coacervet, aut inter subtrahendum ab eis aliquid suffuretur&#8230;&#187;<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430 \u0441 \u043b\u0430\u0442\u044b\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0431\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u0428\u0438\u043a\u043a\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0430 <a href=\"https:\/\/mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk\/Biographies\/Schickard\/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0435 MacTutor<\/a>:<\/p>\n<p><em>\u00abWhat you have done by calculation I have just tried to do by way of mechanics. I have conceived a machine consisting of eleven complete and six incomplete sprocket wheels; it calculates instantaneously and automatically from given numbers, as it adds, subtracts, multiplies and divides. You would enjoy seeing how the machine accumulates and transports spontaneously a ten or a hundred to the left and, vice-versa, how it does the opposite if it is subtracting&#8230;\u00bb<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u0427\u0443\u0442\u044c \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0435 <a href=\"http:\/\/libgen.lc\/edition.php?id=138559933\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Computing before computers<\/a> \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0412\u0438\u043b\u044c\u044f\u043c\u0430 \u0410\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u044f (William Aspray), 1990, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b \u043f\u0440\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 Michael R. Williams:<\/p>\n<p><em>\u00abwhat you have done in a logistical way (i.e., by calculation), I have just tried to do by mechanics. I have constructed a machine consisting of eleven complete and six incomplete (actually &#171;mutilated&#187;) sprocket wheels which can calculate. You would burst out laughing if you were present to see how it carries by itself from one column of tens to the next or borrows from them during subtraction.\u00bb<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u041e\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c. \u0420\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0435 \u0422\u044e\u0431\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"full-width\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/habrastorage.org\/r\/w780q1\/getpro\/habr\/upload_files\/13c\/e0d\/1e6\/13ce0d1e61976cab0d94ad4f26c20633.jpg\" alt=\"\u0420\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0428\u0438\u043a\u043a\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0430, \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a: https:\/\/uni-tuebingen.de\/fakultaeten\/mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche-fakultaet\/fachbereiche\/informatik\/fachbereich\/geschichtliches\/schickards-rechenmaschine\/\" title=\"\u0420\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0428\u0438\u043a\u043a\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0430, \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a: https:\/\/uni-tuebingen.de\/fakultaeten\/mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche-fakultaet\/fachbereiche\/informatik\/fachbereich\/geschichtliches\/schickards-rechenmaschine\/\" width=\"1260\" height=\"841\" data-src=\"https:\/\/habrastorage.org\/getpro\/habr\/upload_files\/13c\/e0d\/1e6\/13ce0d1e61976cab0d94ad4f26c20633.jpg\" data-blurred=\"true\"\/><\/p>\n<div><figcaption>\u0420\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0428\u0438\u043a\u043a\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0430, \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a: <a href=\"https:\/\/uni-tuebingen.de\/fakultaeten\/mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche-fakultaet\/fachbereiche\/informatik\/fachbereich\/geschichtliches\/schickards-rechenmaschine\/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/uni-tuebingen.de\/fakultaeten\/mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche-fakultaet\/fachbereiche\/informatik\/fachbereich\/geschichtliches\/schickards-rechenmaschine\/<\/a><\/figcaption><\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<figure class=\"full-width\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/habrastorage.org\/r\/w780q1\/getpro\/habr\/upload_files\/c74\/32e\/4e7\/c7432e4e75728d5bdd19831d308007a0.jpg\" alt=\"\u0420\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0428\u0438\u043a\u043a\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0430, \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a: https:\/\/uni-tuebingen.de\/fakultaeten\/mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche-fakultaet\/fachbereiche\/informatik\/fachbereich\/geschichtliches\/schickards-rechenmaschine\/\" title=\"\u0420\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0428\u0438\u043a\u043a\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0430, \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a: https:\/\/uni-tuebingen.de\/fakultaeten\/mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche-fakultaet\/fachbereiche\/informatik\/fachbereich\/geschichtliches\/schickards-rechenmaschine\/\" width=\"1260\" height=\"841\" data-src=\"https:\/\/habrastorage.org\/getpro\/habr\/upload_files\/c74\/32e\/4e7\/c7432e4e75728d5bdd19831d308007a0.jpg\" data-blurred=\"true\"\/><\/p>\n<div><figcaption>\u0420\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0428\u0438\u043a\u043a\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0430, \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a: <a href=\"https:\/\/uni-tuebingen.de\/fakultaeten\/mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche-fakultaet\/fachbereiche\/informatik\/fachbereich\/geschichtliches\/schickards-rechenmaschine\/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/uni-tuebingen.de\/fakultaeten\/mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche-fakultaet\/fachbereiche\/informatik\/fachbereich\/geschichtliches\/schickards-rechenmaschine\/<\/a><\/figcaption><\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<p>\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442 \u0432 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0438:<\/p>\n<div class=\"tm-iframe_temp\" data-src=\"https:\/\/embedd.srv.habr.com\/iframe\/6508b3de3eb8e176bfc8d76c\" data-style=\"\" id=\"6508b3de3eb8e176bfc8d76c\" width=\"\"><\/div>\n<p>\u041f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u043e\u0431 \u0430\u0440\u0438\u0444\u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0435 \u0428\u0438\u043a\u043a\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0430: <a href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/articles\/736758\/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/articles\/736758\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u0425\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!----><!----><\/div>\n<p><!----><!----><br \/> \u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 <a href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/articles\/761844\/\"> https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/articles\/761844\/<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<div><!--[--><!--]--><\/div>\n<div id=\"post-content-body\">\n<div>\n<div class=\"article-formatted-body article-formatted-body article-formatted-body_version-2\">\n<div xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xhtml\">\n<p>\u0420\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e 400 \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0434 \u2014 <strong>20 \u0441\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f 1623 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430<\/strong>, \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0446\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u0447\u0451\u043d\u044b\u0439, \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a, \u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c, \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0412\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0433\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043c \u0428\u0438\u043a\u043a\u0430\u0440\u0434 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b \u0432 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0435 \u0418\u043e\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0443 \u041a\u0435\u043f\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0443 \u043e \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0430\u0440\u0438\u0444\u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u2014 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0447\u0451\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u044b:<\/p>\n<p><em>\u00ab\u0422\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0442\u044b \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043b \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0451\u043c \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u044f \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438. \u042f \u0441\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0443, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u0438\u0437 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0446\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u0443\u0431\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0441; \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0447\u0451\u0442 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0432\u044b\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0443\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0436\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442. \u0422\u044b \u0431\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0445\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c, \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u044f \u0437\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0442 \u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u043f\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e \u0438\u043b\u0438, \u043d\u0430\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442, \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438&#8230;\u00bb<\/em><\/p>\n<figure class=\"full-width\">\n<div><figcaption>\u042d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0428\u0438\u043a\u043a\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0430, \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a: <a href=\"https:\/\/uni-tuebingen.de\/fakultaeten\/mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche-fakultaet\/fachbereiche\/informatik\/fachbereich\/geschichtliches\/schickards-rechenmaschine\/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/uni-tuebingen.de\/fakultaeten\/mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche-fakultaet\/fachbereiche\/informatik\/fachbereich\/geschichtliches\/schickards-rechenmaschine\/<\/a><\/figcaption><\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<p>\u041f\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0443 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430 \u0438 \u044d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0437\u0430\u043c \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0446\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bruno_von_Freytag-L%C3%B6ringhoff\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">\u0411\u0440\u0443\u043d\u043e \u0411\u0430\u0440\u043e\u043d \u0444\u043e\u043d \u0424\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0442\u0430\u0433 \u041b\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0433\u043e\u0444\u0444<\/a> \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 1957 \u0438 1960 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043b \u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u043d\u043e, \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e, \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0432\u044b\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0414\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u0440\u0438\u0444\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043b \u0411\u043b\u0435\u0437 \u041f\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c.<\/p>\n<p>\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u041b\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0433\u043e\u0444\u0444\u0430 \u0441 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430 \u0438 \u044d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430:<br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/phbl.19580140804\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/phbl.19580140804<\/a><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/phbl.19580140804\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/phbl.19580140804<\/a><br \/>pdf: <a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/phbl.19580140804\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/phbl.19580140804<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u0424\u0440\u0430\u0433\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u0441 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043b\u0430\u0442\u044b\u043d\u0438:<\/p>\n<p><em>Uber die erste Maschine und ihr gutes Funktionieren hatte Schickhardt bereits in einem gleichfalls vorliegenden und langst veroffentlichten Brief vom 20. September 1623 (!) an Kepler berichtet: &#171;&#8230; quae datos numeros statim authomatos computet, addat, subtrahat, multiplicet, dividatque. Rideres Clare, si praesens cerneres, quomodo sinistras denarium vel centenarium supergressos sua sponte coacervet, aut inter subtrahendum ab eis aliquid suffuretur&#8230;&#187;<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430 \u0441 \u043b\u0430\u0442\u044b\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0431\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u0428\u0438\u043a\u043a\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0430 <a href=\"https:\/\/mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk\/Biographies\/Schickard\/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0435 MacTutor<\/a>:<\/p>\n<p><em>\u00abWhat you have done by calculation I have just tried to do by way of mechanics. I have conceived a machine consisting of eleven complete and six incomplete sprocket wheels; it calculates instantaneously and automatically from given numbers, as it adds, subtracts, multiplies and divides. You would enjoy seeing how the machine accumulates and transports spontaneously a ten or a hundred to the left and, vice-versa, how it does the opposite if it is subtracting&#8230;\u00bb<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u0427\u0443\u0442\u044c \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0435 <a href=\"http:\/\/libgen.lc\/edition.php?id=138559933\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Computing before computers<\/a> \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0412\u0438\u043b\u044c\u044f\u043c\u0430 \u0410\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u044f (William Aspray), 1990, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b \u043f\u0440\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 Michael R. Williams:<\/p>\n<p><em>\u00abwhat you have done in a logistical way (i.e., by calculation), I have just tried to do by mechanics. I have constructed a machine consisting of eleven complete and six incomplete (actually &#171;mutilated&#187;) sprocket wheels which can calculate. You would burst out laughing if you were present to see how it carries by itself from one column of tens to the next or borrows from them during subtraction.\u00bb<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u041e\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c. \u0420\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0435 \u0422\u044e\u0431\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"full-width\">\n<div><figcaption>\u0420\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0428\u0438\u043a\u043a\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0430, \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a: <a href=\"https:\/\/uni-tuebingen.de\/fakultaeten\/mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche-fakultaet\/fachbereiche\/informatik\/fachbereich\/geschichtliches\/schickards-rechenmaschine\/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/uni-tuebingen.de\/fakultaeten\/mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche-fakultaet\/fachbereiche\/informatik\/fachbereich\/geschichtliches\/schickards-rechenmaschine\/<\/a><\/figcaption><\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<figure class=\"full-width\">\n<div><figcaption>\u0420\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0428\u0438\u043a\u043a\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0430, \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a: <a href=\"https:\/\/uni-tuebingen.de\/fakultaeten\/mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche-fakultaet\/fachbereiche\/informatik\/fachbereich\/geschichtliches\/schickards-rechenmaschine\/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/uni-tuebingen.de\/fakultaeten\/mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche-fakultaet\/fachbereiche\/informatik\/fachbereich\/geschichtliches\/schickards-rechenmaschine\/<\/a><\/figcaption><\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<p>\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442 \u0432 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0438:<\/p>\n<div class=\"tm-iframe_temp\" data-src=\"https:\/\/embedd.srv.habr.com\/iframe\/6508b3de3eb8e176bfc8d76c\" data-style=\"\" id=\"6508b3de3eb8e176bfc8d76c\" width=\"\"><\/div>\n<p>\u041f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u043e\u0431 \u0430\u0440\u0438\u0444\u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0435 \u0428\u0438\u043a\u043a\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0430: <a href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/articles\/736758\/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/articles\/736758\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u0425\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!----><!----><\/div>\n<p><!----><!----><br \/> \u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 <a href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/articles\/761844\/\"> https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/articles\/761844\/<\/a><br \/><\/br><\/br><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-355203","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/savepearlharbor.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/355203","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/savepearlharbor.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/savepearlharbor.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/savepearlharbor.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/savepearlharbor.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=355203"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/savepearlharbor.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/355203\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/savepearlharbor.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=355203"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/savepearlharbor.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=355203"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/savepearlharbor.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=355203"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}