Disclaimer
All actions performed in the article are done for research and education purposes. Windows is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation.
Introduction
Hi Everyone.
In 2020 there was a news at 4Chan that the source code of Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 has been leaked. The code was widely spread through the Internet, including GitHub, which belongs to Microsoft. The company started to undertake the actions for code blocking and many websites and repos were excluded from the search systems.
What is the situation in 2023? Surprisingly, the sources could be found and downloaded from GitHub without any issues. It is easy to find the instructions and videos how to compile everything with the tools, which are included with the OS code.
Windows XP is one of the most favorite OS along all of the OS from Microsoft for me. It is quite fast and lightweight. At the same time, its interface is quite comfortable for work. For this reasons and since I am the C and C++ developer, it is quite interesting for me to explore the sources of this OS.
The available version of Windows XP is about 6 GB after unboxing. If we run the cloc analyzer and wait for 10 minutes, we will see the following statistics:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Language files blank comment code --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- C++ 36430 5030975 5385465 17679581 C 24034 4511368 4689267 14461873 C/C++ Header 53285 2603380 2377970 7988097 Text 8371 588113 0 6734137 Assembly 1542 142153 295195 559390 Windows Resource File 6511 97268 93360 558215 IDL 1356 79239 259 448884 HTML 4755 76074 82929 376750 XML 607 6987 2423 361834 TNSDL 1154 54741 101 330732 INI 752 59440 22551 249914 DOS Batch 2380 36429 21852 205067 Windows Message File 447 33721 23142 166854 Perl 1005 55650 83403 144053 Pascal 839 28654 74852 139010 make 2125 20797 17273 85174 Visual Basic 644 18993 62445 72880 Visual Basic Script 630 17735 15022 68423 Windows Module Definition 3356 11995 10384 68263 JavaScript 348 17176 14149 62117 ASP 562 11884 2473 56997 Logos 49 7299 10446 51327 C# 174 9105 12755 43936 yacc 20 3929 3485 23647 MSBuild script 73 41 0 22607 Gencat NLS 44 241 0 18130 PHP 70 2489 133 16066 JSX 13 3340 880 9911 LLVM IR 8 642 550 9803 sed 196 262 49 9549 m4 20 1699 0 8943 CSS 76 1357 269 8159 Java 92 2200 626 7791 XSLT 55 1324 573 7777 SWIG 13 1936 384 7606 SQL 34 1343 1667 7506 Expect 11 1962 1 7432 Forth 6 279 44 6086 Qt 29 1237 0 5827 Oracle Forms 7 1252 0 5811 GLSL 1 2 0 5728 lex 24 999 262 5494 CSV 17 23 0 5055 awk 92 523 178 4321 Ruby 3 276 0 3755 DAL 3 278 2 3747 Prolog 3 278 46 3714 Verilog-SystemVerilog 3 282 44 3699 Lisp 4 304 216 3650 Visual Basic .NET 11 399 652 3591 SKILL 1 335 0 2850 Mathematica 36 142 0 2135 DTD 22 621 407 2087 Ring 14 343 355 1854 ASP.NET 4 312 13 1756 Bourne Shell 10 240 273 1642 Igor Pro 3 0 0 1494 Visual Studio Solution 70 0 0 1415 Markdown 1 5 0 1407 D 14 320 3649 882 XSD 9 76 174 734 Oracle PL/SQL 2 222 153 656 MATLAB 8 66 104 560 ProGuard 1 60 87 505 TeX 16 44 0 248 WebAssembly 2 32 0 239 Smalltalk 5 9 0 211 R 10 23 19 192 ReScript 1 1 0 184 SAS 2 38 89 168 COBOL 1 35 2 141 Scheme 2 6 0 119 reStructuredText 4 2 0 40 TypeScript 1 0 0 33 F# 1 5 0 22 DenizenScript 1 7 13 9 Nemerle 1 0 0 5 Oracle Reports 1 1 0 5 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SUM: 152527 13551018 13313115 51160506 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------The most of the code is written in C, C++ and assembly, which comprise 40.7 millions lines in total. From the references we can find that the available version of Windows XP contains about 70 % of the source code. Thus, the total amount of the OS code could be estimated as 58 millions lines.
It is obvious that it is impossible to analyze 41 millions lines of the code within the scope of the article. For this reason I decided to start from some small application. I choose the classical calculator. Why calculator? It is quite simple, I just would like to compile the calculator, which can make the calculations without connection to the Internet :).
At the same time, it is quite simple to compile it using the Microsoft compiler. For this reason, I decided to make a challenge and to compile it using GCC x64.
Setup of environment
We need to have the following environment:
-
Host with the installed Windows. In my case it is Windows 10.
-
Qt. I use both QtCreator and GCC port for Windows MinGW-64. I installed both with the Qt Maintanance Tool. After the setup completed, the compiler should be added to Path.
-
The
makeutility since we will useMakefile.
Compilation of calculator
If we try to analyze the amount of calculator and its dependencies code with cloc we will see the following statistics:
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Language files blank comment code ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- C 27 1666 2737 6277 C/C++ Header 13 213 429 1080 Windows Resource File 1 75 46 494 C++ 1 11 1 73 XML 1 0 0 21 make 1 0 5 1 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SUM: 44 1965 3218 7946 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------To build calc.exe we need to compile amount 8000 lines of code from 42 files. If we scroll the code we will see that it is quite old and it is written in 80-90th of XX century. This code is mostly C code and the files have .c extension. However, from time to time it throws exceptions and it could be compiled only with g++.
Now we can open QtCreator and import the sources of the OS. It could hang for some time since there is a huge amount of files. We need to wait 15-20 minutes.
After the import procedure has been completed, we search for the calc. The calculator sources are located at:
NT\shell\osshell\accesory\calcIf we open this folder we can see .c and .h files as well as a nt folder, where we can find the build parameters, including the list of files. Let us create a Makefile in calc folder taking the template from my previous paper about STM32 and adapt it for our case. The initial parameters we can take from nt/sources. Makefile looks like this:
Calc makefile
TARGET = calc BUILD_DIR = build OPT = -O0 CC = g++ C_SOURCES = calc.c \ input.c \ scicomm.c \ scidisp.c \ scifunc.c \ scikeys.c \ scimath.c \ scimenu.c \ scioper.c \ sciproc.c \ sciset.c \ scistat.c \ unifunc.c \ wassert.c C_DEFS = -DWIN32 \ -DW3 \ -DWINNT \ -DUNICODE \ -D_UNICODE \ -DUSE_MIRRORING C_INCLUDES = -I..\ratpak \ -I..\inc \ CFLAGS += $(C_DEFS) $(C_INCLUDES) $(OPT) LIBS = LIBDIR = LDFLAGS = $(LIBDIR) $(LIBS) all: $(BUILD_DIR)/$(TARGET) OBJECTS = $(addprefix $(BUILD_DIR)/,$(notdir $(C_SOURCES:.c=.o))) $(BUILD_DIR)/%.o: %.c Makefile | $(BUILD_DIR) $(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) -o $@ $< $(BUILD_DIR)/$(TARGET): $(OBJECTS) Makefile $(CC) $(OBJECTS) $(LDFLAGS) -o $@ $(BUILD_DIR): mkdir $@ clean: -rm -fR $(BUILD_DIR)Let us try to build the project with make.
Calc build output — 1
mkdir build g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -O0 -o build/calc.o calc.c In file included from calc.c:29: unifunc.h:6: warning: "ARRAYSIZE" redefined #define ARRAYSIZE(x) (sizeof(x) / sizeof(*x)) In file included from C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/minwindef.h:163, from C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/windef.h:8, from C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/windows.h:69, from scicalc.h:29, from calc.c:26: C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/winnt.h:668: note: this is the location of the previous definition #define ARRAYSIZE(A) RTL_NUMBER_OF_V2(A) g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -O0 -o build/input.o input.c In file included from input.c:14: unifunc.h:6: warning: "ARRAYSIZE" redefined #define ARRAYSIZE(x) (sizeof(x) / sizeof(*x)) In file included from C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/minwindef.h:163, from C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/windef.h:8, from C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/windows.h:69, from scicalc.h:29, from input.c:13: C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/winnt.h:668: note: this is the location of the previous definition #define ARRAYSIZE(A) RTL_NUMBER_OF_V2(A) g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -O0 -o build/scicomm.o scicomm.c In file included from scicomm.c:15: unifunc.h:6: warning: "ARRAYSIZE" redefined #define ARRAYSIZE(x) (sizeof(x) / sizeof(*x)) In file included from C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/minwindef.h:163, from C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/windef.h:8, from C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/windows.h:69, from scicalc.h:29, from scicomm.c:13: C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/winnt.h:668: note: this is the location of the previous definition #define ARRAYSIZE(A) RTL_NUMBER_OF_V2(A) g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -O0 -o build/scidisp.o scidisp.c In file included from scidisp.c:14: unifunc.h:6: warning: "ARRAYSIZE" redefined #define ARRAYSIZE(x) (sizeof(x) / sizeof(*x)) In file included from C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/minwindef.h:163, from C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/windef.h:8, from C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/windows.h:69, from scicalc.h:29, from scidisp.c:13: C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/winnt.h:668: note: this is the location of the previous definition #define ARRAYSIZE(A) RTL_NUMBER_OF_V2(A) g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -O0 -o build/scifunc.o scifunc.c g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -O0 -o build/scikeys.o scikeys.c In file included from scikeys.c:3: unifunc.h:6: warning: "ARRAYSIZE" redefined #define ARRAYSIZE(x) (sizeof(x) / sizeof(*x)) In file included from C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/minwindef.h:163, from C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/windef.h:8, from C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/windows.h:69, from scicalc.h:29, from scikeys.c:1: C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/winnt.h:668: note: this is the location of the previous definition #define ARRAYSIZE(A) RTL_NUMBER_OF_V2(A) g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -O0 -o build/scimath.o scimath.c In file included from scimath.c:4: unifunc.h:6: warning: "ARRAYSIZE" redefined #define ARRAYSIZE(x) (sizeof(x) / sizeof(*x)) In file included from C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/minwindef.h:163, from C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/windef.h:8, from C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/windows.h:69, from scimath.c:1: C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/winnt.h:668: note: this is the location of the previous definition #define ARRAYSIZE(A) RTL_NUMBER_OF_V2(A) g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -O0 -o build/scimenu.o scimenu.c In file included from scimenu.c:26: unifunc.h:6: warning: "ARRAYSIZE" redefined #define ARRAYSIZE(x) (sizeof(x) / sizeof(*x)) In file included from C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/minwindef.h:163, from C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/windef.h:8, from C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/windows.h:69, from scicalc.h:29, from scimenu.c:25: C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/winnt.h:668: note: this is the location of the previous definition #define ARRAYSIZE(A) RTL_NUMBER_OF_V2(A) g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -O0 -o build/scioper.o scioper.c g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -O0 -o build/sciproc.o sciproc.c g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -O0 -o build/sciset.o sciset.c In file included from sciset.c:22: unifunc.h:6: warning: "ARRAYSIZE" redefined #define ARRAYSIZE(x) (sizeof(x) / sizeof(*x)) In file included from C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/minwindef.h:163, from C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/windef.h:8, from C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/windows.h:69, from scicalc.h:29, from sciset.c:21: C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/winnt.h:668: note: this is the location of the previous definition #define ARRAYSIZE(A) RTL_NUMBER_OF_V2(A) g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -O0 -o build/scistat.o scistat.c In file included from scistat.c:35: unifunc.h:6: warning: "ARRAYSIZE" redefined #define ARRAYSIZE(x) (sizeof(x) / sizeof(*x)) In file included from C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/minwindef.h:163, from C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/windef.h:8, from C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/windows.h:69, from scicalc.h:29, from scistat.c:33: C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/winnt.h:668: note: this is the location of the previous definition #define ARRAYSIZE(A) RTL_NUMBER_OF_V2(A) g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -O0 -o build/unifunc.o unifunc.c g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -O0 -o build/wassert.o wassert.c g++ build/calc.o build/input.o build/scicomm.o build/scidisp.o build/scifunc.o build/scikeys.o build/scimath.o build/scimenu.o build/scioper.o build/sciproc.o build/sciset.o build/scistat.o build/unifunc.o build/wassert.o -o build/calc build/calc.o:calc.c:(.text+0xa42): undefined reference to `_destroyrat(_rat*)' build/calc.o:calc.c:(.text+0xa52): undefined reference to `_createrat()' build/calc.o:calc.c:(.text+0xa6b): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/calc.o:calc.c:(.text+0xa97): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/calc.o:calc.c:(.text+0xaeb): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/calc.o:calc.c:(.text+0xb19): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/calc.o:calc.c:(.text+0xb9c): undefined reference to `_destroyrat(_rat*)' build/calc.o:calc.c:(.text+0xbac): undefined reference to `_createrat()' build/calc.o:calc.c:(.text+0xbc5): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/calc.o:calc.c:(.text+0xbf1): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/calc.o:calc.c:(.text+0xc45): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/calc.o:calc.c:(.text+0xc73): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/calc.o:calc.c:(.text+0xcc7): undefined reference to `_destroyrat(_rat*)' build/calc.o:calc.c:(.text+0xcd7): undefined reference to `_createrat()' build/calc.o:calc.c:(.text+0xcf0): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/calc.o:calc.c:(.text+0xd1c): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/calc.o:calc.c:(.text+0xd70): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/calc.o:calc.c:(.text+0xd9e): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/calc.o:calc.c:(.text+0x159b): undefined reference to `zerrat(_rat*)' build/calc.o:calc.c:(.rdata$.refptr.rat_zero[.refptr.rat_zero]+0x0): undefined reference to `rat_zero' build/calc.o:calc.c:(.rdata$.refptr.rat_byte[.refptr.rat_byte]+0x0): undefined reference to `rat_byte' build/calc.o:calc.c:(.rdata$.refptr.rat_word[.refptr.rat_word]+0x0): undefined reference to `rat_word' build/calc.o:calc.c:(.rdata$.refptr.rat_dword[.refptr.rat_dword]+0x0): undefined reference to `rat_dword' build/calc.o:calc.c:(.rdata$.refptr.rat_qword[.refptr.rat_qword]+0x0): undefined reference to `rat_qword' build/input.o:input.c:(.text+0x136): undefined reference to `inrat(int, wchar_t*, int, wchar_t*)' build/input.o:input.c:(.text+0x149): undefined reference to `_destroyrat(_rat*)' build/input.o:input.c:(.text+0x159): undefined reference to `_createrat()' build/input.o:input.c:(.text+0x175): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/input.o:input.c:(.text+0x19b): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/input.o:input.c:(.text+0x1e3): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/input.o:input.c:(.text+0x20b): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x626): undefined reference to `_destroyrat(_rat*)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x64e): undefined reference to `_createrat()' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x680): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x6ca): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x73c): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x788): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x900): undefined reference to `_destroyrat(_rat*)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x913): undefined reference to `_createrat()' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x935): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x973): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x9e5): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0xa25): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0xa9c): undefined reference to `_destroyrat(_rat*)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0xaaf): undefined reference to `_createrat()' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0xad1): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0xb03): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0xb5d): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0xb91): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0xc02): undefined reference to `_destroyrat(_rat*)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0xc15): undefined reference to `_createrat()' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0xc37): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0xc69): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0xcc3): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0xcf7): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0xd51): undefined reference to `_destroyrat(_rat*)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0xd64): undefined reference to `_createrat()' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0xd86): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0xdb8): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0xe12): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0xe46): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0xf07): undefined reference to `_destroyrat(_rat*)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0xf1a): undefined reference to `_createrat()' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0xf3c): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0xf6e): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0xfc8): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0xffc): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x1373): undefined reference to `_destroyrat(_rat*)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x1386): undefined reference to `_createrat()' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x13a8): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x13da): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x1434): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x1468): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x1556): undefined reference to `_destroyrat(_rat*)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x1569): undefined reference to `_createrat()' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x158b): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x15bd): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x1617): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x164b): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x17c4): undefined reference to `_destroyrat(_rat*)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x17d7): undefined reference to `_createrat()' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x17f9): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x182b): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x1885): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x18b9): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x192f): undefined reference to `_destroyrat(_rat*)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x193f): undefined reference to `_createrat()' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x1958): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x1984): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x19d8): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x1a06): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x1a62): undefined reference to `_destroyrat(_rat*)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x1a75): undefined reference to `_createrat()' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x1a97): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x1ac6): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x1b1a): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x1b4b): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x1bc3): undefined reference to `_destroyrat(_rat*)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x1bd6): undefined reference to `_createrat()' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x1bf8): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x1c2a): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x1c84): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x1cb8): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x1db7): undefined reference to `_destroyrat(_rat*)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x1dca): undefined reference to `_createrat()' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x1dec): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x1e2a): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x1e9c): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x1edc): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x1f53): undefined reference to `_destroyrat(_rat*)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x1f66): undefined reference to `_createrat()' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x1f88): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x1fba): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x2014): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x2048): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x216e): undefined reference to `_destroyrat(_rat*)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x2196): undefined reference to `_createrat()' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x21c8): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x2212): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x2284): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x22d0): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x2385): undefined reference to `_destroyrat(_rat*)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x2398): undefined reference to `_createrat()' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x23ba): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x23ec): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x2446): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x247a): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x257f): undefined reference to `_destroyrat(_rat*)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x2592): undefined reference to `_createrat()' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x25b4): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x25f2): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x2664): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x26a4): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x271b): undefined reference to `_destroyrat(_rat*)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x272e): undefined reference to `_createrat()' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x2750): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x2782): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x27dc): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x2810): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x28a8): undefined reference to `_destroyrat(_rat*)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x28bb): undefined reference to `_createrat()' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x28dd): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x291b): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x298d): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x29cd): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x2df9): undefined reference to `_destroyrat(_rat*)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x2e0c): undefined reference to `_createrat()' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x2e2e): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x2e60): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x2eba): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x2eee): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x2f59): undefined reference to `addrat(_rat**, _rat*)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x2f6b): undefined reference to `zerrat(_rat*)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x2fbf): undefined reference to `_destroyrat(_rat*)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x2fd2): undefined reference to `_createrat()' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x2ff4): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x3026): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x3080): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x30b4): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x3113): undefined reference to `_destroyrat(_rat*)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x3126): undefined reference to `_createrat()' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x3148): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x317a): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x31d4): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x3208): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x3262): undefined reference to `zerrat(_rat*)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x32cb): undefined reference to `_destroyrat(_rat*)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x32de): undefined reference to `_createrat()' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x3300): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x3332): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x338c): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x33c0): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x341f): undefined reference to `_destroyrat(_rat*)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x3432): undefined reference to `_createrat()' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x3454): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x3486): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x34e0): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.text+0x3514): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.rdata$.refptr.pi[.refptr.pi]+0x0): undefined reference to `pi' build/scicomm.o:scicomm.c:(.rdata$.refptr.two_pi[.refptr.two_pi]+0x0): undefined reference to `two_pi' build/scidisp.o:scidisp.c:(.text+0x51): undefined reference to `rat_equ(_rat*, _rat*)' build/scidisp.o:scidisp.c:(.text+0x134): undefined reference to `_destroyrat(_rat*)' build/scidisp.o:scidisp.c:(.text+0x144): undefined reference to `_createrat()' build/scidisp.o:scidisp.c:(.text+0x15d): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scidisp.o:scidisp.c:(.text+0x189): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scidisp.o:scidisp.c:(.text+0x1dd): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scidisp.o:scidisp.c:(.text+0x20b): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scidisp.o:scidisp.c:(.text+0x352): undefined reference to `intrat(_rat**)' build/scidisp.o:scidisp.c:(.text+0x36e): undefined reference to `rat_lt(_rat*, _rat*)' build/scidisp.o:scidisp.c:(.text+0x3b0): undefined reference to `subrat(_rat**, _rat*)' build/scidisp.o:scidisp.c:(.text+0x3e1): undefined reference to `andrat(_rat**, _rat*)' build/scidisp.o:scidisp.c:(.rdata$.refptr.fhalt[.refptr.fhalt]+0x0): undefined reference to `fhalt' build/scidisp.o:scidisp.c:(.rdata$.refptr.rat_one[.refptr.rat_one]+0x0): undefined reference to `rat_one' build/scifunc.o:scifunc.c:(.text+0x54): undefined reference to `fracrat(_rat**)' build/scifunc.o:scifunc.c:(.text+0x62): undefined reference to `intrat(_rat**)' build/scifunc.o:scifunc.c:(.text+0x91): undefined reference to `_destroyrat(_rat*)' build/scifunc.o:scifunc.c:(.text+0x9e): undefined reference to `_createrat()' build/scifunc.o:scifunc.c:(.text+0xb1): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scifunc.o:scifunc.c:(.text+0xd7): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scifunc.o:scifunc.c:(.text+0x125): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scifunc.o:scifunc.c:(.text+0x14d): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scifunc.o:scifunc.c:(.text+0x1b0): undefined reference to `divrat(_rat**, _rat*)' build/scifunc.o:scifunc.c:(.text+0x1bc): undefined reference to `_destroyrat(_rat*)' build/scifunc.o:scifunc.c:(.text+0x1d4): undefined reference to `mulrat(_rat**, _rat*)' build/scifunc.o:scifunc.c:(.text+0x1e0): undefined reference to `_destroyrat(_rat*)' build/scifunc.o:scifunc.c:(.text+0x232): undefined reference to `asinhrat(_rat**)' build/scifunc.o:scifunc.c:(.text+0x24b): undefined reference to `asinanglerat(_rat**, eANGLE_TYPE)' build/scifunc.o:scifunc.c:(.text+0x266): undefined reference to `sinhrat(_rat**)' build/scifunc.o:scifunc.c:(.text+0x2bd): undefined reference to `acoshrat(_rat**)' build/scifunc.o:scifunc.c:(.text+0x2d6): undefined reference to `acosanglerat(_rat**, eANGLE_TYPE)' build/scifunc.o:scifunc.c:(.text+0x2f1): undefined reference to `coshrat(_rat**)' build/scifunc.o:scifunc.c:(.text+0x348): undefined reference to `atanhrat(_rat**)' build/scifunc.o:scifunc.c:(.text+0x361): undefined reference to `atananglerat(_rat**, eANGLE_TYPE)' build/scifunc.o:scifunc.c:(.text+0x37c): undefined reference to `tanhrat(_rat**)' build/scifunc.o:scifunc.c:(.text+0x3cd): undefined reference to `rootrat(_rat**, _rat*)' build/scifunc.o:scifunc.c:(.text+0x3dd): undefined reference to `ratpowlong(_rat**, long)' build/scifunc.o:scifunc.c:(.text+0x40c): undefined reference to `_destroyrat(_rat*)' build/scifunc.o:scifunc.c:(.text+0x419): undefined reference to `_createrat()' build/scifunc.o:scifunc.c:(.text+0x42c): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scifunc.o:scifunc.c:(.text+0x452): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scifunc.o:scifunc.c:(.text+0x4a0): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scifunc.o:scifunc.c:(.text+0x4c8): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scifunc.o:scifunc.c:(.text+0x520): undefined reference to `addrat(_rat**, _rat*)' build/scifunc.o:scifunc.c:(.text+0x530): undefined reference to `rootrat(_rat**, _rat*)' build/scifunc.o:scifunc.c:(.text+0x53c): undefined reference to `_destroyrat(_rat*)' build/scifunc.o:scifunc.c:(.text+0x557): undefined reference to `ratpowlong(_rat**, long)' build/scifunc.o:scifunc.c:(.text+0x586): undefined reference to `exprat(_rat**)' build/scifunc.o:scifunc.c:(.text+0x59a): undefined reference to `log10rat(_rat**)' build/scifunc.o:scifunc.c:(.text+0x5a8): undefined reference to `lograt(_rat**)' build/scifunc.o:scifunc.c:(.text+0x5b6): undefined reference to `factrat(_rat**)' build/scifunc.o:scifunc.c:(.text+0x625): undefined reference to `_destroyrat(_rat*)' build/scifunc.o:scifunc.c:(.text+0x632): undefined reference to `_createrat()' build/scifunc.o:scifunc.c:(.text+0x645): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scifunc.o:scifunc.c:(.text+0x668): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scifunc.o:scifunc.c:(.text+0x6b0): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scifunc.o:scifunc.c:(.text+0x6d5): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scifunc.o:scifunc.c:(.text+0x71a): undefined reference to `intrat(_rat**)' build/scifunc.o:scifunc.c:(.text+0x72d): undefined reference to `subrat(_rat**, _rat*)' build/scifunc.o:scifunc.c:(.text+0x73d): undefined reference to `mulrat(_rat**, _rat*)' build/scifunc.o:scifunc.c:(.text+0x749): undefined reference to `_destroyrat(_rat*)' build/scifunc.o:scifunc.c:(.text+0x756): undefined reference to `_createrat()' build/scifunc.o:scifunc.c:(.text+0x769): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scifunc.o:scifunc.c:(.text+0x789): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scifunc.o:scifunc.c:(.text+0x7cb): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scifunc.o:scifunc.c:(.text+0x7ed): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scifunc.o:scifunc.c:(.text+0x82f): undefined reference to `intrat(_rat**)' build/scifunc.o:scifunc.c:(.text+0x83f): undefined reference to `subrat(_rat**, _rat*)' build/scifunc.o:scifunc.c:(.text+0x84f): undefined reference to `mulrat(_rat**, _rat*)' build/scifunc.o:scifunc.c:(.text+0x884): undefined reference to `divrat(_rat**, _rat*)' build/scifunc.o:scifunc.c:(.text+0x894): undefined reference to `addrat(_rat**, _rat*)' build/scifunc.o:scifunc.c:(.text+0x8a4): undefined reference to `divrat(_rat**, _rat*)' build/scifunc.o:scifunc.c:(.text+0x8b4): undefined reference to `addrat(_rat**, _rat*)' build/scifunc.o:scifunc.c:(.text+0x8c0): undefined reference to `_destroyrat(_rat*)' build/scifunc.o:scifunc.c:(.text+0x8d4): undefined reference to `_destroyrat(_rat*)' build/scifunc.o:scifunc.c:(.text+0x8e8): undefined reference to `_destroyrat(_rat*)' build/scifunc.o:scifunc.c:(.text+0x925): undefined reference to `_destroyrat(_rat*)' build/scifunc.o:scifunc.c:(.text+0x942): undefined reference to `_destroyrat(_rat*)' build/scifunc.o:scifunc.c:(.text+0x9b4): more undefined references to `_destroyrat(_rat*)' follow build/scifunc.o:scifunc.c:(.rdata$.refptr.rat_two[.refptr.rat_two]+0x0): undefined reference to `rat_two' build/scimath.o:scimath.c:(.text+0xf7): undefined reference to `ChangeConstants(long, long)' build/scimath.o:scimath.c:(.text+0x115): undefined reference to `ChangeConstants(long, long)' build/scimath.o:scimath.c:(.text+0x142): undefined reference to `_destroyrat(_rat*)' build/scimath.o:scimath.c:(.text+0x14f): undefined reference to `_createrat()' build/scimath.o:scimath.c:(.text+0x162): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scimath.o:scimath.c:(.text+0x188): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scimath.o:scimath.c:(.text+0x1d6): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scimath.o:scimath.c:(.text+0x1fe): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scimath.o:scimath.c:(.text+0x253): undefined reference to `divrat(_rat**, _rat*)' build/scimath.o:scimath.c:(.text+0x262): undefined reference to `_destroyrat(_rat*)' build/scimath.o:scimath.c:(.text+0x272): undefined reference to `_createrat()' build/scimath.o:scimath.c:(.text+0x28e): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scimath.o:scimath.c:(.text+0x2b4): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scimath.o:scimath.c:(.text+0x2fc): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scimath.o:scimath.c:(.text+0x324): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scimath.o:scimath.c:(.text+0x369): undefined reference to `_destroyrat(_rat*)' build/scimath.o:scimath.c:(.text+0x3b7): undefined reference to `powrat(_rat**, _rat*)' build/scimath.o:scimath.c:(.text+0x3c6): undefined reference to `_destroyrat(_rat*)' build/scimath.o:scimath.c:(.text+0x3d6): undefined reference to `_createrat()' build/scimath.o:scimath.c:(.text+0x3f2): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scimath.o:scimath.c:(.text+0x418): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scimath.o:scimath.c:(.text+0x460): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scimath.o:scimath.c:(.text+0x488): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scimath.o:scimath.c:(.text+0x4cd): undefined reference to `_destroyrat(_rat*)' build/scimath.o:scimath.c:(.text+0x500): undefined reference to `intrat(_rat**)' build/scimath.o:scimath.c:(.text+0x516): undefined reference to `addrat(_rat**, _rat*)' build/scimath.o:scimath.c:(.text+0x554): undefined reference to `xorrat(_rat**, _rat*)' build/scimath.o:scimath.c:(.text+0x57b): undefined reference to `sinanglerat(_rat**, eANGLE_TYPE)' build/scimath.o:scimath.c:(.text+0x5a2): undefined reference to `cosanglerat(_rat**, eANGLE_TYPE)' build/scimath.o:scimath.c:(.text+0x5c9): undefined reference to `tananglerat(_rat**, eANGLE_TYPE)' build/scimath.o:scimath.c:(.text+0x5f7): undefined reference to `longtorat(long)' build/scimath.o:scimath.c:(.text+0x60a): undefined reference to `_destroyrat(_rat*)' build/scimath.o:scimath.c:(.text+0x61a): undefined reference to `_createrat()' build/scimath.o:scimath.c:(.text+0x636): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scimath.o:scimath.c:(.text+0x65c): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scimath.o:scimath.c:(.text+0x6a4): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scimath.o:scimath.c:(.text+0x6cc): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scimath.o:scimath.c:(.text+0x711): undefined reference to `_destroyrat(_rat*)' build/scimath.o:scimath.c:(.text+0x74e): undefined reference to `putrat(_rat**, unsigned long, int)' build/scimenu.o:scimenu.c:(.text+0x822): undefined reference to `HtmlHelpW' build/scioper.o:scioper.c:(.text+0x5e): undefined reference to `andrat(_rat**, _rat*)' build/scioper.o:scioper.c:(.text+0x73): undefined reference to `orrat(_rat**, _rat*)' build/scioper.o:scioper.c:(.text+0x88): undefined reference to `xorrat(_rat**, _rat*)' build/scioper.o:scioper.c:(.text+0x99): undefined reference to `_destroyrat(_rat*)' build/scioper.o:scioper.c:(.text+0xa6): undefined reference to `_createrat()' build/scioper.o:scioper.c:(.text+0xb9): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scioper.o:scioper.c:(.text+0xdc): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scioper.o:scioper.c:(.text+0x124): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scioper.o:scioper.c:(.text+0x149): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scioper.o:scioper.c:(.text+0x194): undefined reference to `_destroyrat(_rat*)' build/scioper.o:scioper.c:(.text+0x1a4): undefined reference to `_createrat()' build/scioper.o:scioper.c:(.text+0x1c0): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scioper.o:scioper.c:(.text+0x1e6): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scioper.o:scioper.c:(.text+0x22e): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scioper.o:scioper.c:(.text+0x256): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scioper.o:scioper.c:(.text+0x29f): undefined reference to `rshrat(_rat**, _rat*)' build/scioper.o:scioper.c:(.text+0x2b0): undefined reference to `_destroyrat(_rat*)' build/scioper.o:scioper.c:(.text+0x2bd): undefined reference to `_createrat()' build/scioper.o:scioper.c:(.text+0x2d0): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scioper.o:scioper.c:(.text+0x2f3): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scioper.o:scioper.c:(.text+0x33b): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scioper.o:scioper.c:(.text+0x360): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scioper.o:scioper.c:(.text+0x3ab): undefined reference to `_destroyrat(_rat*)' build/scioper.o:scioper.c:(.text+0x3bb): undefined reference to `_createrat()' build/scioper.o:scioper.c:(.text+0x3d7): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scioper.o:scioper.c:(.text+0x3fd): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scioper.o:scioper.c:(.text+0x445): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scioper.o:scioper.c:(.text+0x46d): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scioper.o:scioper.c:(.text+0x4b6): undefined reference to `lshrat(_rat**, _rat*)' build/scioper.o:scioper.c:(.text+0x4cb): undefined reference to `addrat(_rat**, _rat*)' build/scioper.o:scioper.c:(.text+0x4e0): undefined reference to `subrat(_rat**, _rat*)' build/scioper.o:scioper.c:(.text+0x50f): undefined reference to `mulrat(_rat**, _rat*)' build/scioper.o:scioper.c:(.text+0x520): undefined reference to `_destroyrat(_rat*)' build/scioper.o:scioper.c:(.text+0x52d): undefined reference to `_createrat()' build/scioper.o:scioper.c:(.text+0x540): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scioper.o:scioper.c:(.text+0x563): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scioper.o:scioper.c:(.text+0x5ab): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scioper.o:scioper.c:(.text+0x5d0): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scioper.o:scioper.c:(.text+0x61b): undefined reference to `_destroyrat(_rat*)' build/scioper.o:scioper.c:(.text+0x62b): undefined reference to `_createrat()' build/scioper.o:scioper.c:(.text+0x647): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scioper.o:scioper.c:(.text+0x66d): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scioper.o:scioper.c:(.text+0x6b5): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scioper.o:scioper.c:(.text+0x6dd): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scioper.o:scioper.c:(.text+0x72c): undefined reference to `divrat(_rat**, _rat*)' build/scioper.o:scioper.c:(.text+0x741): undefined reference to `modrat(_rat**, _rat*)' build/scioper.o:scioper.c:(.text+0x752): undefined reference to `_destroyrat(_rat*)' build/scioper.o:scioper.c:(.text+0x75f): undefined reference to `_createrat()' build/scioper.o:scioper.c:(.text+0x772): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scioper.o:scioper.c:(.text+0x795): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scioper.o:scioper.c:(.text+0x7dd): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scioper.o:scioper.c:(.text+0x802): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scioper.o:scioper.c:(.text+0x84d): undefined reference to `_destroyrat(_rat*)' build/scioper.o:scioper.c:(.text+0x85d): undefined reference to `_createrat()' build/scioper.o:scioper.c:(.text+0x879): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scioper.o:scioper.c:(.text+0x89f): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scioper.o:scioper.c:(.text+0x8e7): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scioper.o:scioper.c:(.text+0x90f): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scioper.o:scioper.c:(.text+0x987): undefined reference to `rootrat(_rat**, _rat*)' build/scioper.o:scioper.c:(.text+0x999): undefined reference to `powrat(_rat**, _rat*)' build/scioper.o:scioper.c:(.text+0x9b4): undefined reference to `_destroyrat(_rat*)' build/scioper.o:scioper.c:(.text+0x9f4): undefined reference to `_destroyrat(_rat*)' build/sciproc.o:sciproc.c:(.text+0x33b): undefined reference to `HtmlHelpW' build/sciproc.o:sciproc.c:(.text+0x581): undefined reference to `__imp_SetBkMode' build/sciproc.o:sciproc.c:(.text+0x5db): undefined reference to `__imp_SetTextColor' build/sciproc.o:sciproc.c:(.text+0x623): undefined reference to `__imp_SetBkMode' build/sciproc.o:sciproc.c:(.text+0x67b): undefined reference to `__imp_SetBkColor' build/sciproc.o:sciproc.c:(.text+0x69b): undefined reference to `__imp_SetTextColor' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x148): undefined reference to `_destroyrat(_rat*)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x3d3): undefined reference to `_destroyrat(_rat*)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x3e6): undefined reference to `_createrat()' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x408): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x449): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x4c1): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x504): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x74a): undefined reference to `_destroyrat(_rat*)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x77d): undefined reference to `_createrat()' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x7a1): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x7fc): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x88e): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x8eb): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0xaa8): undefined reference to `_destroyrat(_rat*)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0xcc6): undefined reference to `_destroyrat(_rat*)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0xcff): undefined reference to `_createrat()' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0xd26): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0xd77): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0xdef): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0xe42): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0xf0d): undefined reference to `_destroyrat(_rat*)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0xf20): undefined reference to `_createrat()' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0xf42): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0xf74): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0xfce): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x1002): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x106c): undefined reference to `_destroyrat(_rat*)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x1079): undefined reference to `_createrat()' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x108c): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x10be): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x1124): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x1158): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x11d7): undefined reference to `_destroyrat(_rat*)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x11e4): undefined reference to `_createrat()' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x11f7): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x1217): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x1259): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x127b): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x12c1): undefined reference to `mulrat(_rat**, _rat*)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x12d4): undefined reference to `addrat(_rat**, _rat*)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x12e0): undefined reference to `_destroyrat(_rat*)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x12fd): undefined reference to `addrat(_rat**, _rat*)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x1353): undefined reference to `divrat(_rat**, _rat*)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x135f): undefined reference to `_destroyrat(_rat*)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x1373): undefined reference to `_destroyrat(_rat*)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x13ba): undefined reference to `_destroyrat(_rat*)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x13cd): undefined reference to `_createrat()' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x13ef): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x1421): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x147b): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x14af): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x1528): undefined reference to `_destroyrat(_rat*)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x153b): undefined reference to `_createrat()' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x155d): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x158f): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x15e9): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x161d): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x1671): undefined reference to `_destroyrat(_rat*)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x167e): undefined reference to `_createrat()' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x1691): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x16b7): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x1705): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x172d): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x1791): undefined reference to `_destroyrat(_rat*)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x179e): undefined reference to `_createrat()' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x17b1): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x17e3): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x1849): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x187d): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x18e7): undefined reference to `addrat(_rat**, _rat*)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x18f3): undefined reference to `_destroyrat(_rat*)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x1900): undefined reference to `_createrat()' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x1913): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x1933): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x1975): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x1997): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x19dd): undefined reference to `mulrat(_rat**, _rat*)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x19f0): undefined reference to `addrat(_rat**, _rat*)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x1a17): undefined reference to `_destroyrat(_rat*)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x1a24): undefined reference to `_createrat()' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x1a37): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x1a57): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x1a99): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x1abb): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x1b01): undefined reference to `mulrat(_rat**, _rat*)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x1b11): undefined reference to `divrat(_rat**, _rat*)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x1b1d): undefined reference to `_destroyrat(_rat*)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x1b2a): undefined reference to `_createrat()' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x1b3d): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x1b63): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x1bb1): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x1bd9): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x1c2b): undefined reference to `subrat(_rat**, _rat*)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x1c37): undefined reference to `zerrat(_rat*)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x1c56): undefined reference to `_destroyrat(_rat*)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x1c69): undefined reference to `_createrat()' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x1c8b): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x1cbd): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x1d17): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x1d4b): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x1dbb): undefined reference to `subrat(_rat**, _rat*)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x1dcb): undefined reference to `divrat(_rat**, _rat*)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x1de1): undefined reference to `rootrat(_rat**, _rat*)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x1df3): undefined reference to `_destroyrat(_rat*)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x1e06): undefined reference to `_createrat()' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x1e28): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x1e54): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x1ea2): undefined reference to `_destroynum(_number*)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x1ed0): undefined reference to `_createnum(long)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x1f18): undefined reference to `_destroyrat(_rat*)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x1f2c): undefined reference to `_destroyrat(_rat*)' build/scistat.o:scistat.c:(.text+0x1f40): undefined reference to `_destroyrat(_rat*)' collect2.exe: error: ld returned 1 exit status make: *** [build/calc] Error 1We can see a long output. The part of warnings tells us about the redefinition of macros in the headers from modern version of Windows. At the end we can see the error connected with the ratpak library. Using the config file from nt/source we can find that ratpak sources are located one level above.
NT\shell\osshell\accesory\ratpakLet us try to build it. To do it, we create a new Makefile with the following content taking the config from the analogous nt/source:
Ratpak makefile
TARGET = ratpak.lib BUILD_DIR = build OPT = -Os C_SOURCES = rat.c \ num.c \ conv.c \ debug.c \ itrans.c \ trans.c \ transh.c \ itransh.c \ logic.c \ fact.c \ basex.c \ exp.c \ support.c \ CC = g++ C_DEFS = -DWIN32 \ -DW3 \ -DWINNT \ -DUNICODE \ -D_UNICODE \ -DNOMINMAX C_INCLUDES = -I. CFLAGS += $(C_DEFS) $(C_INCLUDES) $(OPT) all: $(BUILD_DIR)/$(TARGET) OBJECTS = $(addprefix $(BUILD_DIR)/,$(notdir $(C_SOURCES:.c=.o))) vpath %.c $(sort $(dir $(C_SOURCES))) $(BUILD_DIR)/%.o: %.c Makefile | $(BUILD_DIR) $(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) -o $@ $< $(BUILD_DIR)/$(TARGET): $(OBJECTS) ar ru $@ $^ ranlib $@ $(BUILD_DIR): mkdir $@ clean: -rm -fR $(BUILD_DIR)The primary difference here is that we build ratpak as a static library and for this reason it should be build with the following config:
$(BUILD_DIR)/$(TARGET): $(OBJECTS) ar ru $@ $^ ranlib $@Let us try to build with make:
Ratpak build output — 1
mkdir build g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DNOMINMAX -I. -Os -o build/rat.o rat.c g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DNOMINMAX -I. -Os -o build/num.o num.c num.c: In function 'void _addnum(_number**, PNUMBER, long unsigned int)': num.c:88:15: error: 'max' was not declared in this scope cdigits = max( a->cdigit+a->exp, b->cdigit+b->exp ) - ^~~ num.c:89:13: error: 'min' was not declared in this scope min( a->exp, b->exp ); ^~~ num.c: In function 'BOOL equnum(PNUMBER, PNUMBER)': num.c:546:23: error: 'max' was not declared in this scope cdigits = max( a->cdigit, b->cdigit ); ^~~ num.c: In function 'BOOL lessnum(PNUMBER, PNUMBER)': num.c:613:23: error: 'max' was not declared in this scope cdigits = max( a->cdigit, b->cdigit ); ^~~ make: *** [build/num.o] Error 1We can see the error, which is attributed with min and max macro. Let us add this functions from STL. To do this, we create custom.h file and add the following context.
#pragma once #include <algorithm> using std::min; using std::max;Next, we include this header to num.c, logic.c and support.c and rebuild:
Ratpak build output — 2
g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DNOMINMAX -I. -Os -o build/support.o support.c support.c:64:8: error: 'cbitsofprecision' does not name a type; did you mean 'changePrecision'? static cbitsofprecision = RATIO_FOR_DECIMAL * DECIMAL * ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ changePrecision In file included from support.c:67: ./ratconst.h:7:1: error: too many initializers for 'MANTTYPE [0]' {aka 'long unsigned int [0]'} }; ^ ./ratconst.h:14:1: error: too many initializers for 'MANTTYPE [0]' {aka 'long unsigned int [0]'} }; ^ ./ratconst.h:21:1: error: too many initializers for 'MANTTYPE [0]' {aka 'long unsigned int [0]'} }; ^ ./ratconst.h:28:1: error: too many initializers for 'MANTTYPE [0]' {aka 'long unsigned int [0]'} }; ^ ./ratconst.h:35:1: error: too many initializers for 'MANTTYPE [0]' {aka 'long unsigned int [0]'} }; ^ ./ratconst.h:42:1: error: too many initializers for 'MANTTYPE [0]' {aka 'long unsigned int [0]'} }; ^ ./ratconst.h:48:1: error: too many initializers for 'MANTTYPE [0]' {aka 'long unsigned int [0]'} }; ^ ./ratconst.h:55:1: error: too many initializers for 'MANTTYPE [0]' {aka 'long unsigned int [0]'} }; ^ ./ratconst.h:61:1: error: too many initializers for 'MANTTYPE [0]' {aka 'long unsigned int [0]'} }; ^ ./ratconst.h:68:1: error: too many initializers for 'MANTTYPE [0]' {aka 'long unsigned int [0]'} }; ^ ./ratconst.h:74:1: error: too many initializers for 'MANTTYPE [0]' {aka 'long unsigned int [0]'} }; ^ ./ratconst.h:81:1: error: too many initializers for 'MANTTYPE [0]' {aka 'long unsigned int [0]'} }; ^ ./ratconst.h:87:1: error: too many initializers for 'MANTTYPE [0]' {aka 'long unsigned int [0]'} }; ^ ./ratconst.h:94:1: error: too many initializers for 'MANTTYPE [0]' {aka 'long unsigned int [0]'} }; ^ ./ratconst.h:100:1: error: too many initializers for 'MANTTYPE [0]' {aka 'long unsigned int [0]'} }; ^ ./ratconst.h:107:1: error: too many initializers for 'MANTTYPE [0]' {aka 'long unsigned int [0]'} }; ^ ./ratconst.h:113:1: error: too many initializers for 'MANTTYPE [0]' {aka 'long unsigned int [0]'} }; ^ ./ratconst.h:120:1: error: too many initializers for 'MANTTYPE [0]' {aka 'long unsigned int [0]'} }; ^ ./ratconst.h:126:1: error: too many initializers for 'MANTTYPE [0]' {aka 'long unsigned int [0]'} }; ^ ./ratconst.h:133:1: error: too many initializers for 'MANTTYPE [0]' {aka 'long unsigned int [0]'} }; ^ ./ratconst.h:139:1: error: too many initializers for 'MANTTYPE [0]' {aka 'long unsigned int [0]'} }; ^ ./ratconst.h:146:1: error: too many initializers for 'MANTTYPE [0]' {aka 'long unsigned int [0]'} }; ^ ./ratconst.h:152:1: error: too many initializers for 'MANTTYPE [0]' {aka 'long unsigned int [0]'} }; ^ ./ratconst.h:159:1: error: too many initializers for 'MANTTYPE [0]' {aka 'long unsigned int [0]'} }; ^ ./ratconst.h:165:1: error: too many initializers for 'MANTTYPE [0]' {aka 'long unsigned int [0]'} }; ^ ./ratconst.h:172:1: error: too many initializers for 'MANTTYPE [0]' {aka 'long unsigned int [0]'} }; ^ ./ratconst.h:178:1: error: too many initializers for 'MANTTYPE [0]' {aka 'long unsigned int [0]'} }; ^ ./ratconst.h:185:1: error: too many initializers for 'MANTTYPE [0]' {aka 'long unsigned int [0]'} }; ^ ./ratconst.h:191:1: error: too many initializers for 'MANTTYPE [0]' {aka 'long unsigned int [0]'} }; ^ ./ratconst.h:198:1: error: too many initializers for 'MANTTYPE [0]' {aka 'long unsigned int [0]'} }; ^ ./ratconst.h:204:1: error: too many initializers for 'MANTTYPE [0]' {aka 'long unsigned int [0]'} }; ^ ./ratconst.h:211:1: error: too many initializers for 'MANTTYPE [0]' {aka 'long unsigned int [0]'} }; ^ ./ratconst.h:217:1: error: too many initializers for 'MANTTYPE [0]' {aka 'long unsigned int [0]'} }; ^ ./ratconst.h:224:1: error: too many initializers for 'MANTTYPE [0]' {aka 'long unsigned int [0]'} }; ^ ./ratconst.h:230:1: error: too many initializers for 'MANTTYPE [0]' {aka 'long unsigned int [0]'} }; ^ ./ratconst.h:237:1: error: too many initializers for 'MANTTYPE [0]' {aka 'long unsigned int [0]'} }; ^ ./ratconst.h:243:1: error: too many initializers for 'MANTTYPE [0]' {aka 'long unsigned int [0]'} }; ^ ./ratconst.h:250:1: error: too many initializers for 'MANTTYPE [0]' {aka 'long unsigned int [0]'} }; ^ ./ratconst.h:256:1: error: too many initializers for 'MANTTYPE [0]' {aka 'long unsigned int [0]'} }; ^ ./ratconst.h:263:1: error: too many initializers for 'MANTTYPE [0]' {aka 'long unsigned int [0]'} }; ^ ./ratconst.h:269:1: error: too many initializers for 'MANTTYPE [0]' {aka 'long unsigned int [0]'} }; ^ ./ratconst.h:276:1: error: too many initializers for 'MANTTYPE [0]' {aka 'long unsigned int [0]'} }; ^ ./ratconst.h:282:1: error: too many initializers for 'MANTTYPE [0]' {aka 'long unsigned int [0]'} }; ^ ./ratconst.h:289:1: error: too many initializers for 'MANTTYPE [0]' {aka 'long unsigned int [0]'} }; ^ ./ratconst.h:295:1: error: too many initializers for 'MANTTYPE [0]' {aka 'long unsigned int [0]'} }; ^ ./ratconst.h:302:1: error: too many initializers for 'MANTTYPE [0]' {aka 'long unsigned int [0]'} }; ^ ./ratconst.h:308:1: error: too many initializers for 'MANTTYPE [0]' {aka 'long unsigned int [0]'} }; ^ ./ratconst.h:315:1: error: too many initializers for 'MANTTYPE [0]' {aka 'long unsigned int [0]'} }; ^ ./ratconst.h:321:1: error: too many initializers for 'MANTTYPE [0]' {aka 'long unsigned int [0]'} }; ^ ./ratconst.h:328:1: error: too many initializers for 'MANTTYPE [0]' {aka 'long unsigned int [0]'} }; ^ ./ratconst.h:334:1: error: too many initializers for 'MANTTYPE [0]' {aka 'long unsigned int [0]'} }; ^ ./ratconst.h:341:1: error: too many initializers for 'MANTTYPE [0]' {aka 'long unsigned int [0]'} }; ^ ./ratconst.h:347:1: error: too many initializers for 'MANTTYPE [0]' {aka 'long unsigned int [0]'} }; ^ ./ratconst.h:354:1: error: too many initializers for 'MANTTYPE [0]' {aka 'long unsigned int [0]'} }; ^ ./ratconst.h:360:1: error: too many initializers for 'MANTTYPE [0]' {aka 'long unsigned int [0]'} }; ^ ./ratconst.h:367:1: error: too many initializers for 'MANTTYPE [0]' {aka 'long unsigned int [0]'} }; ^ ./ratconst.h:373:1: error: too many initializers for 'MANTTYPE [0]' {aka 'long unsigned int [0]'} }; ^ ./ratconst.h:380:1: error: too many initializers for 'MANTTYPE [0]' {aka 'long unsigned int [0]'} }; ^ ./ratconst.h:386:1: error: too many initializers for 'MANTTYPE [0]' {aka 'long unsigned int [0]'} }; ^ ./ratconst.h:393:1: error: too many initializers for 'MANTTYPE [0]' {aka 'long unsigned int [0]'} }; ^ ./ratconst.h:399:1: error: too many initializers for 'MANTTYPE [0]' {aka 'long unsigned int [0]'} }; ^ ./ratconst.h:406:1: error: too many initializers for 'MANTTYPE [0]' {aka 'long unsigned int [0]'} }; ^ ./ratconst.h:412:1: error: too many initializers for 'MANTTYPE [0]' {aka 'long unsigned int [0]'} }; ^ ./ratconst.h:419:1: error: too many initializers for 'MANTTYPE [0]' {aka 'long unsigned int [0]'} }; ^ ./ratconst.h:425:1: error: too many initializers for 'MANTTYPE [0]' {aka 'long unsigned int [0]'} }; ^ ./ratconst.h:432:1: error: too many initializers for 'MANTTYPE [0]' {aka 'long unsigned int [0]'} }; ^ ./ratconst.h:438:1: error: too many initializers for 'MANTTYPE [0]' {aka 'long unsigned int [0]'} }; ^ support.c: In function 'void ChangeConstants(long int, long int)': support.c:198:10: error: 'cbitsofprecision' was not declared in this scope if ( cbitsofprecision < ( ratio * nRadix * nPrecision ) ) ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ support.c:198:10: note: suggested alternative: 'changePrecision' if ( cbitsofprecision < ( ratio * nRadix * nPrecision ) ) ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ changePrecision make: *** [build/support.o] Error 1We can see the 2 types of errors. In the first case, we can see the missing type in support.c in lines 41 and 64. We need to add int there:
static int cbitsofprecisionIn the second case we try to initialize the 0-sized array in NUMBER structure from ratpack.h with a few elements. Let us remove 0 from [0], leaving the empty brackets. Now we can rebuild the library and make sure that there are no errors. Our library ratpack.lib is located in build.
Ratpak build output — 3
g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DNOMINMAX -I. -Os -o build/support.o support.c ar ru build/ratpak.lib build/rat.o build/num.o build/conv.o build/debug.o build/itrans.o build/trans.o build/transh.o build/itransh.o build/logic.o build/fact.o build/basex.o build/exp.o build/support.o ar: creating build/ratpak.lib ranlib build/ratpak.libNow we can return to calc and try to link with this library by adding to the Makefile the path and linkage:
LIBS = -lratpak LIBDIR = -L..\ratpak\buildCalc build output — 2
g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -O0 -o build/calc.o calc.c In file included from calc.c:29: unifunc.h:6: warning: "ARRAYSIZE" redefined #define ARRAYSIZE(x) (sizeof(x) / sizeof(*x)) In file included from C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/minwindef.h:163, from C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/windef.h:8, from C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/windows.h:69, from scicalc.h:29, from calc.c:26: C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/winnt.h:668: note: this is the location of the previous definition #define ARRAYSIZE(A) RTL_NUMBER_OF_V2(A) g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -O0 -o build/input.o input.c In file included from input.c:14: unifunc.h:6: warning: "ARRAYSIZE" redefined #define ARRAYSIZE(x) (sizeof(x) / sizeof(*x)) In file included from C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/minwindef.h:163, from C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/windef.h:8, from C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/windows.h:69, from scicalc.h:29, from input.c:13: C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/winnt.h:668: note: this is the location of the previous definition #define ARRAYSIZE(A) RTL_NUMBER_OF_V2(A) g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -O0 -o build/scicomm.o scicomm.c In file included from scicomm.c:15: unifunc.h:6: warning: "ARRAYSIZE" redefined #define ARRAYSIZE(x) (sizeof(x) / sizeof(*x)) In file included from C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/minwindef.h:163, from C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/windef.h:8, from C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/windows.h:69, from scicalc.h:29, from scicomm.c:13: C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/winnt.h:668: note: this is the location of the previous definition #define ARRAYSIZE(A) RTL_NUMBER_OF_V2(A) g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -O0 -o build/scidisp.o scidisp.c In file included from scidisp.c:14: unifunc.h:6: warning: "ARRAYSIZE" redefined #define ARRAYSIZE(x) (sizeof(x) / sizeof(*x)) In file included from C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/minwindef.h:163, from C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/windef.h:8, from C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/windows.h:69, from scicalc.h:29, from scidisp.c:13: C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/winnt.h:668: note: this is the location of the previous definition #define ARRAYSIZE(A) RTL_NUMBER_OF_V2(A) g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -O0 -o build/scifunc.o scifunc.c g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -O0 -o build/scikeys.o scikeys.c In file included from scikeys.c:3: unifunc.h:6: warning: "ARRAYSIZE" redefined #define ARRAYSIZE(x) (sizeof(x) / sizeof(*x)) In file included from C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/minwindef.h:163, from C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/windef.h:8, from C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/windows.h:69, from scicalc.h:29, from scikeys.c:1: C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/winnt.h:668: note: this is the location of the previous definition #define ARRAYSIZE(A) RTL_NUMBER_OF_V2(A) g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -O0 -o build/scimath.o scimath.c In file included from scimath.c:4: unifunc.h:6: warning: "ARRAYSIZE" redefined #define ARRAYSIZE(x) (sizeof(x) / sizeof(*x)) In file included from C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/minwindef.h:163, from C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/windef.h:8, from C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/windows.h:69, from scimath.c:1: C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/winnt.h:668: note: this is the location of the previous definition #define ARRAYSIZE(A) RTL_NUMBER_OF_V2(A) g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -O0 -o build/scimenu.o scimenu.c In file included from scimenu.c:26: unifunc.h:6: warning: "ARRAYSIZE" redefined #define ARRAYSIZE(x) (sizeof(x) / sizeof(*x)) In file included from C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/minwindef.h:163, from C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/windef.h:8, from C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/windows.h:69, from scicalc.h:29, from scimenu.c:25: C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/winnt.h:668: note: this is the location of the previous definition #define ARRAYSIZE(A) RTL_NUMBER_OF_V2(A) g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -O0 -o build/scioper.o scioper.c g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -O0 -o build/sciproc.o sciproc.c g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -O0 -o build/sciset.o sciset.c In file included from sciset.c:22: unifunc.h:6: warning: "ARRAYSIZE" redefined #define ARRAYSIZE(x) (sizeof(x) / sizeof(*x)) In file included from C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/minwindef.h:163, from C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/windef.h:8, from C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/windows.h:69, from scicalc.h:29, from sciset.c:21: C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/winnt.h:668: note: this is the location of the previous definition #define ARRAYSIZE(A) RTL_NUMBER_OF_V2(A) g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -O0 -o build/scistat.o scistat.c In file included from scistat.c:35: unifunc.h:6: warning: "ARRAYSIZE" redefined #define ARRAYSIZE(x) (sizeof(x) / sizeof(*x)) In file included from C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/minwindef.h:163, from C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/windef.h:8, from C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/windows.h:69, from scicalc.h:29, from scistat.c:33: C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/winnt.h:668: note: this is the location of the previous definition #define ARRAYSIZE(A) RTL_NUMBER_OF_V2(A) g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -O0 -o build/unifunc.o unifunc.c g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -O0 -o build/wassert.o wassert.c g++ build/calc.o build/input.o build/scicomm.o build/scidisp.o build/scifunc.o build/scikeys.o build/scimath.o build/scimenu.o build/scioper.o build/sciproc.o build/sciset.o build/scistat.o build/unifunc.o build/wassert.o -L..\ratpak\build -lratpak -o build/calc build/scimenu.o:scimenu.c:(.text+0x822): undefined reference to `HtmlHelpW' build/sciproc.o:sciproc.c:(.text+0x33b): undefined reference to `HtmlHelpW' build/sciproc.o:sciproc.c:(.text+0x581): undefined reference to `__imp_SetBkMode' build/sciproc.o:sciproc.c:(.text+0x5db): undefined reference to `__imp_SetTextColor' build/sciproc.o:sciproc.c:(.text+0x623): undefined reference to `__imp_SetBkMode' build/sciproc.o:sciproc.c:(.text+0x67b): undefined reference to `__imp_SetBkColor' build/sciproc.o:sciproc.c:(.text+0x69b): undefined reference to `__imp_SetTextColor' ..\ratpak\build/ratpak.lib(rat.o):rat.c:(.text+0x2f): undefined reference to `divnumx(_number**, _number*)' ..\ratpak\build/ratpak.lib(rat.o):rat.c:(.text+0x3b): undefined reference to `divnumx(_number**, _number*)' ..\ratpak\build/ratpak.lib(conv.o):conv.c:(.text+0x494): undefined reference to `divnumx(_number**, _number*)' ..\ratpak\build/ratpak.lib(conv.o):conv.c:(.text+0xcaf): undefined reference to `divnum(_number**, _number*, unsigned long)' ..\ratpak\build/ratpak.lib(conv.o):conv.c:(.text+0x10d4): undefined reference to `mulnum(_number**, _number*, unsigned long)' ..\ratpak\build/ratpak.lib(conv.o):conv.c:(.text+0x1141): undefined reference to `mulnum(_number**, _number*, unsigned long)' ..\ratpak\build/ratpak.lib(conv.o):conv.c:(.text+0x11a7): undefined reference to `mulnum(_number**, _number*, unsigned long)' ..\ratpak\build/ratpak.lib(conv.o):conv.c:(.text+0x11b5): undefined reference to `mulnum(_number**, _number*, unsigned long)' ..\ratpak\build/ratpak.lib(conv.o):conv.c:(.text+0x12f5): undefined reference to `mulnum(_number**, _number*, unsigned long)' ..\ratpak\build/ratpak.lib(conv.o):conv.c:(.text+0x138d): undefined reference to `divnum(_number**, _number*, unsigned long)' collect2.exe: error: ld returned 1 exit status make: *** [build/calc] Error 1We can see that there are a few unlinked functions:HtmlHelpW function is located in libhtmlhelp, __imp_SetBkMode, etc. are the functions from gdi32 library. The other functions are from ratpack. For the first 2 cases we can add the linkage to Makefile
LIBS = -lratpak -lgdi32 –lhtmlhelpThe htmlhelp library is a part of Windows SDK. Since GCC does not support the spaces in the path, we need just copy this library to lib folder and add the path to it.
LIBDIR = -L..\ratpak\build -LlibIn the third case the problem is with the inline modifier in mulnum, divnum functions from num.c and mulnumx, divnumx in basex.c. It is necessary to remove the modifier for GCC.
Let us try to build:
Calc build output — 3
g++ build/calc.o build/input.o build/scicomm.o build/scidisp.o build/scifunc.o build/scikeys.o build/scimath.o build/scimenu.o build/scioper.o build/sciproc.o build/sciset.o build/scistat.o build/unifunc.o build/wassert.o -L..\ratpak\build -Llib -lratpak -lgdi32 -lhtmlhelp -o build/calc lib/htmlhelp.lib(o:/w8rtm.obj.amd64fre/enduser/helpengines/htmlhelp/src/htmlhelp/objfre/amd64/init.obj):(.text[HtmlHelpW]+0xe0): undefined reference to `__security_check_cookie' lib/htmlhelp.lib(o:/w8rtm.obj.amd64fre/enduser/helpengines/htmlhelp/src/htmlhelp/objfre/amd64/init.obj):(.text[HtmlHelpA]+0xe0): undefined reference to `__security_check_cookie' lib/htmlhelp.lib(o:/w8rtm.obj.amd64fre/enduser/helpengines/htmlhelp/src/htmlhelp/objfre/amd64/init.obj):(.text[?GetRegisteredLocation@@YAHPEAD@Z]+0x111): undefined reference to `__security_check_cookie' lib/htmlhelp.lib(o:/w8rtm.obj.amd64fre/enduser/helpengines/htmlhelp/src/htmlhelp/objfre/amd64/init.obj):(.xdata[$unwind$HtmlHelpW]+0x10): undefined reference to `__GSHandlerCheck' lib/htmlhelp.lib(o:/w8rtm.obj.amd64fre/enduser/helpengines/htmlhelp/src/htmlhelp/objfre/amd64/init.obj):(.xdata[$unwind$HtmlHelpA]+0x10): undefined reference to `__GSHandlerCheck' lib/htmlhelp.lib(o:/w8rtm.obj.amd64fre/enduser/helpengines/htmlhelp/src/htmlhelp/objfre/amd64/init.obj):(.xdata[$unwind$?GetRegisteredLocation@@YAHPEAD@Z]+0x18): undefined reference to `__GSHandlerCheck' collect2.exe: error: ld returned 1 exit status make: *** [build/calc] Error 1We can see that we need a library with __security_check_cookie and __GSHandler_Check. It is connected with /GS flag of Visual Studio compiler since initially I took htmlhelp from Windows SDK 8.0. /GS flag is analog of -fstack-protector-strong for GCC. To link __security_check_cookie correctly we need to add -lbufferoverflowu (from SDK). For __GSHandler_Check we should link -lruntmchk, which I failed to find. Another opportunity is the linkage with gshandler.obj.
However, htmlhelp is compiled in a static library in SDK, and I decided to build it from the sources of Windows XP.
I found the following directory:
NT\enduser\stuff\hhctrl\It contains a lot of files and htmlhelp.h header. If we go one level above, we can see htmlhelp folder.
NT\enduser\stuff\htmlhelp\If we look inside, we can see only one file init.cpp . I decided to build it using the adapted Makefile from ratpak . Surprisingly, it has been built without any issues!
Htmlhelp build output — 1
mkdir build g++ -c -I..\hhctrl -Os -o build/init.o init.cpp ar ru build/htmlhelp.lib build/init.o ar: creating build/htmlhelp.lib ranlib build/htmlhelp.libIf we add the path to this library in Makefile, we can see that everything is successfully built and linked.
LIBDIR = -L..\ratpak\build -L..\..\..\..\enduser\stuff\htmlhelp\buildCalc build output — 4
g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -O0 -o build/calc.o calc.c g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -O0 -o build/input.o input.c g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -O0 -o build/scicomm.o scicomm.c g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -O0 -o build/scidisp.o scidisp.c g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -O0 -o build/scifunc.o scifunc.c g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -O0 -o build/scikeys.o scikeys.c g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -O0 -o build/scimath.o scimath.c g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -O0 -o build/scimenu.o scimenu.c In file included from calc.c:29: unifunc.h:6: warning: "ARRAYSIZE" redefined #define ARRAYSIZE(x) (sizeof(x) / sizeof(*x)) In file included from C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/minwindef.h:163, from C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/windef.h:8, from C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/windows.h:69, from scicalc.h:29, from calc.c:26: C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/winnt.h:668: note: this is the location of the previous definition #define ARRAYSIZE(A) RTL_NUMBER_OF_V2(A) In file included from input.c:14: unifunc.h:6: warning: "ARRAYSIZE" redefined #define ARRAYSIZE(x) (sizeof(x) / sizeof(*x)) In file included from C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/minwindef.h:163, from C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/windef.h:8, from C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/windows.h:69, from scicalc.h:29, from input.c:13: C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/winnt.h:668: note: this is the location of the previous definition #define ARRAYSIZE(A) RTL_NUMBER_OF_V2(A) In file included from scicomm.c:15: unifunc.h:6: warning: "ARRAYSIZE" redefined #define ARRAYSIZE(x) (sizeof(x) / sizeof(*x)) In file included from C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/minwindef.h:163, from C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/windef.h:8, from In file included from C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/windows.h:69scidisp.c:14, from : scicalc.h:29unifunc.h:6:, from scicomm.c:13warning: : "ARRAYSIZE" redefined #define ARRAYSIZE(x) (sizeof(x) / sizeof(*x)) C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/winnt.h:668: note: this is the location of the previous definition #define ARRAYSIZE(A) RTL_NUMBER_OF_V2(A) In file included from C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/minwindef.h:163, from C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/windef.h:8, from C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/windows.h:69, from scicalc.h:29, from scidisp.c:13: C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/winnt.h:668: note: this is the location of the previous definition #define ARRAYSIZE(A) RTL_NUMBER_OF_V2(A) In file included from scikeys.c:3: unifunc.h:6: warning: "ARRAYSIZE" redefined #define ARRAYSIZE(x) (sizeof(x) / sizeof(*x)) In file included from C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/minwindef.h:163, from C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/windef.h:8, from C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/windows.h:69, from scicalc.h:29, from scikeys.c:1: C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/winnt.h:668: note: this is the location of the previous definition #define ARRAYSIZE(A) RTL_NUMBER_OF_V2(A) In file included from scimath.c:4: unifunc.h:6: warning: "ARRAYSIZE" redefined #define ARRAYSIZE(x) (sizeof(x) / sizeof(*x)) In file included from C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/minwindef.h:163, from C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/windef.h:8, from C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/windows.h:69, from scimath.c:1 scimenu.c:26C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/winnt.h:668:: unifunc.h:6: note: this is the location of the previous definition #define ARRAYSIZE(A) RTL_NUMBER_OF_V2(A) warning: "ARRAYSIZE" redefined #define ARRAYSIZE(x) (sizeof(x) / sizeof(*x)) In file included from C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/minwindef.h:163, from C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/windef.h:8, from C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/windows.h:69, from scicalc.h:29, from scimenu.c:25: C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/winnt.h:668: note: this is the location of the previous definition #define ARRAYSIZE(A) RTL_NUMBER_OF_V2(A) g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -O0 -o build/scioper.o scioper.c g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -O0 -o build/sciproc.o sciproc.c g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -O0 -o build/sciset.o sciset.c g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -O0 -o build/scistat.o scistat.c g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -O0 -o build/unifunc.o unifunc.c g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -O0 -o build/wassert.o wassert.c In file included from sciset.c:22: unifunc.h:6: warning: "ARRAYSIZE" redefined #define ARRAYSIZE(x) (sizeof(x) / sizeof(*x)) In file included from C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/minwindef.h:163, from C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/windef.h:8, from C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/windows.h:69, from scicalc.h:29, from sciset.c:21: C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/winnt.h:668: note: this is the location of the previous definition #define ARRAYSIZE(A) RTL_NUMBER_OF_V2(A) In file included from scistat.c:35: unifunc.h:6: warning: "ARRAYSIZE" redefined #define ARRAYSIZE(x) (sizeof(x) / sizeof(*x)) In file included from C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/minwindef.h:163, from C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/windef.h:8, from C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/windows.h:69, from scicalc.h:29, from scistat.c:33: C:/Qt/Tools/mingw810_64/x86_64-w64-mingw32/include/winnt.h:668: note: this is the location of the previous definition #define ARRAYSIZE(A) RTL_NUMBER_OF_V2(A) g++ build/calc.o build/input.o build/scicomm.o build/scidisp.o build/scifunc.o build/scikeys.o build/scimath.o build/scimenu.o build/scioper.o build/sciproc.o build/sciset.o build/scistat.o build/unifunc.o build/wassert.o -L..\ratpak\build -L..\..\..\..\enduser\stuff\htmlhelp\build -lratpak -lgdi32 -lhtmlhelp -o build/calcFinally, we have the build of our calculator. Let us make some cleanup fixes to remove the warnings by deletion of #define ARRAYSIZE(x) (sizeof(x) / sizeof(*x)) from unifunc.h and enable Os optimization. In this case we can get the following image:
OPT = -OsCalc build output — 5
g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -Os -o build/calc.o calc.c g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -Os -o build/input.o input.c g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -Os -o build/scicomm.o scicomm.c g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -Os -o build/scidisp.o scidisp.c g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -Os -o build/scifunc.o scifunc.c g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -Os -o build/scikeys.o scikeys.c g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -Os -o build/scimath.o scimath.c g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -Os -o build/scimenu.o scimenu.c calc.c: In function 'int WinMain(HINSTANCE, HINSTANCE, LPSTR, int)': calc.c:232:48: warning: iteration 84 invokes undefined behavior [-Waggressive-loop-optimizations] rgpsz[nx] = psz + (INT_PTR)rgpsz[nx]; ~~~~~~~~^ calc.c:231:26: note: within this loop for (nx = 0 ; nx <= CSTRINGS ; nx++) g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -Os -o build/scioper.o scioper.c g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -Os -o build/sciproc.o sciproc.c g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -Os -o build/sciset.o sciset.c g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -Os -o build/scistat.o scistat.c g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -Os -o build/unifunc.o unifunc.c g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -Os -o build/wassert.o wassert.c sciset.c: In function 'void ActivateButtons()': sciset.c:51:29: warning: iteration 7 invokes undefined behavior [-Waggressive-loop-optimizations] EnableWindow( GetDlgItem(g_hwndDlg, aDecOnlyKeys[i]), ~~~~~~~~~~~~^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ bDecMode ); ~~~~~~~~~~ sciset.c:49:28: note: within this loop for ( i = 0; i <= ARRAYSIZE(aDecOnlyKeys) ; i++ ) ^ g++ build/calc.o build/input.o build/scicomm.o build/scidisp.o build/scifunc.o build/scikeys.o build/scimath.o build/scimenu.o build/scioper.o build/sciproc.o build/sciset.o build/scistat.o build/unifunc.o build/wassert.o build/calc.rc.o -L..\ratpak\build -L..\..\..\..\enduser\stuff\htmlhelp\build -lratpak -lgdi32 -lhtmlhelp -o build/calcTo fix it, I added -fno-aggressive-loop-optimizations flag. At the end we have the clean compilation output:
Calc build output — 6
g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -Os -o build/calc.o calc.c g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -Os -o build/input.o input.c g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -Os -o build/scicomm.o scicomm.c g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -Os -o build/scidisp.o scidisp.c g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -Os -o build/scifunc.o scifunc.c g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -Os -o build/scikeys.o scikeys.c g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -Os -o build/scimath.o scimath.c g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -Os -o build/scimenu.o scimenu.c g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -Os -o build/scioper.o scioper.c g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -Os -o build/sciproc.o sciproc.c g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -Os -o build/sciset.o sciset.c g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -Os -o build/scistat.o scistat.c g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -Os -o build/unifunc.o unifunc.c g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -Os -o build/wassert.o wassert.c g++ build/calc.o build/input.o build/scicomm.o build/scidisp.o build/scifunc.o build/scikeys.o build/scimath.o build/scimenu.o build/scioper.o build/sciproc.o build/sciset.o build/scistat.o build/unifunc.o build/wassert.o build/calc.rc.o -L..\ratpak\build -L..\..\..\..\enduser\stuff\htmlhelp\build -lratpak -lgdi32 -lhtmlhelp -o build/calcLaunching of the compiled calculator
If we try to launch the built calculator app, we will see the following image:
That means it is necessary to provide the linkage of the graphical application instead of console application to the linker. For GCC it is -mwindows.
LDFLAGS = $(LIBDIR) $(LIBS) -fno-aggressive-loop-optimizations -mwindowsIf we rebuilt and launch the application, we will not see any windows, but the process exists in the list of processes:
Thus, our application has been launched, but there is missing description of the graphical interface. For OS Windows this information is located in resource files with .rc extension. To attach calc.rc file we need to compile it to object file calc.rc.o and then to link with the calc binary. MinGW-64 has the windres resource compiler, that we can use.
Let us try to compile calc.rc in object file with a command:
windres calc.rc -o build/calc.rc.oWe will see the following error:
calc.rc:12:10: fatal error: winres.h: No such file or directory #include "winres.h" ^~~~~~~~~~ compilation terminated. windres: preprocessing failed.To fix it we can try to replace winres.h to windows.h and recompile again. In this case there is no output and the build folder contains the required object file calc.rc.o.
Let us add to the calc Makefile the following code for .rc.o linkage:
RC = windres RES_SOURCES = calc.rc RES_OBJ = $(addprefix $(BUILD_DIR)/,$(notdir $(RES_SOURCES:.rc=.rc.o))) $(BUILD_DIR)/%.o: %.rc Makefile | $(BUILD_DIR) $(RC) $^ -o $@ $(BUILD_DIR)/$(TARGET): $(OBJECTS) Makefile $(CC) $(OBJECTS) $(RES_OBJ) $(LDFLAGS) -o $@I tried to add the build of .rc file to Makefile, but the compilation of this file failed using Makefile. If someone knows how to fix it I will be glad to read about it in the comments.
Finally everything was linked correctly and the build folder contains the calc.exe binary. If we launch it we will see our old application:
Finally, we can add the -Wall flag to see all warnings and recompile:
Last calc build output
g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -Os -fno-aggressive-loop-optimizations -Wall -o build/calc.o calc.c In file included from scimath.h:22, from scicalc.h:31, from calc.c:26: ..\ratpak\ratpak.h:1: warning: ignoring #pragma warning [-Wunknown-pragmas] #pragma warning( disable : 4200 ) calc.c: In function 'void EverythingResettingNumberSetup()': calc.c:496:19: warning: comparison of integer expressions of different signedness: 'int' and 'long long unsigned int' [-Wsign-compare] for( i = 0; i < ARRAYSIZE(ghnoParNum); i++ ) ^ calc.c:500:19: warning: comparison of integer expressions of different signedness: 'int' and 'long long unsigned int' [-Wsign-compare] for( i = 0; i < ARRAYSIZE(ghnoPrecNum); i++ ) ^ calc.c: In function 'void InitSciCalc(BOOL)': calc.c:676:23: warning: suggest parentheses around assignment used as truth value [-Wparentheses] if (hDispEdit = GetDlgItem(g_hwndDlg, IDC_DISPLAY)) ~~~~~~~~~~^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ calc.c:519:13: warning: unused variable 'nLastSepLen' [-Wunused-variable] int nLastSepLen; ^~~~~~~~~~~ calc.c:521:13: warning: unused variable 'hMenu' [-Wunused-variable] HMENU hMenu; ^~~~~ calc.c: In function 'int WinMain(HINSTANCE, HINSTANCE, LPSTR, int)': calc.c:237:22: warning: 'psz' may be used uninitialized in this function [-Wmaybe-uninitialized] LocalFree(psz); ~~~~~~~~~^~~~~ g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -Os -fno-aggressive-loop-optimizations -Wall -o build/input.o input.c In file included from scimath.h:22, from scicalc.h:31, from input.c:13: ..\ratpak\ratpak.h:1: warning: ignoring #pragma warning [-Wunknown-pragmas] #pragma warning( disable : 4200 ) g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -Os -fno-aggressive-loop-optimizations -Wall -o build/scicomm.o scicomm.c In file included from scimath.h:22, from scicalc.h:31, from scicomm.c:13: ..\ratpak\ratpak.h:1: warning: ignoring #pragma warning [-Wunknown-pragmas] #pragma warning( disable : 4200 ) scicomm.c: In function 'void RealProcessCommands(WPARAM)': scicomm.c:295:12: warning: suggest explicit braces to avoid ambiguous 'else' [-Wdangling-else] if (nLastCom >= IDC_AND && nLastCom <= IDC_PWR) ^ scicomm.c:421:20: warning: suggest explicit braces to avoid ambiguous 'else' [-Wdangling-else] if ((nLastCom >= IDC_AND) && (nLastCom <= IDC_PWR)) ^ scicomm.c:502:32: warning: suggest parentheses around assignment used as truth value [-Wparentheses] while (nOpCode = nPrecOp[--nPrecNum]) ~~~~~~~~^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -Os -fno-aggressive-loop-optimizations -Wall -o build/scidisp.o scidisp.c In file included from scimath.h:22, from scicalc.h:31, from scidisp.c:13: ..\ratpak\ratpak.h:1: warning: ignoring #pragma warning [-Wunknown-pragmas] #pragma warning( disable : 4200 ) scidisp.c: In function 'void DisplayNum()': scidisp.c:90:12: warning: suggest explicit braces to avoid ambiguous 'else' [-Wdangling-else] if ( ghnoNum ) ^ g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -Os -fno-aggressive-loop-optimizations -Wall -o build/scifunc.o scifunc.c In file included from scimath.h:22, from scicalc.h:31, from scifunc.c:36: ..\ratpak\ratpak.h:1: warning: ignoring #pragma warning [-Wunknown-pragmas] #pragma warning( disable : 4200 ) g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -Os -fno-aggressive-loop-optimizations -Wall -o build/scikeys.o scikeys.c In file included from scimath.h:22, from scicalc.h:31, from scikeys.c:1: ..\ratpak\ratpak.h:1: warning: ignoring #pragma warning [-Wunknown-pragmas] #pragma warning( disable : 4200 ) g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -Os -fno-aggressive-loop-optimizations -Wall -o build/scimath.o scimath.c In file included from scimath.h:22, from scicalc.h:31, from scimath.c:3: ..\ratpak\ratpak.h:1: warning: ignoring #pragma warning [-Wunknown-pragmas] #pragma warning( disable : 4200 ) scimath.c: In function 'int QuickLog2(int)': scimath.c:61:15: warning: suggest parentheses around assignment used as truth value [-Wparentheses] if ( iNum = iNum >> 1 ) ~~~~~^~~~~~~~~~~ scimath.c:64:22: warning: suggest parentheses around assignment used as truth value [-Wparentheses] while ( iNum = iNum >> 1 ) ~~~~~^~~~~~~~~~~ scimath.c: In function 'void UpdateMaxIntDigits()': scimath.c:90:9: warning: variable 'iRemainderBits' set but not used [-Wunused-but-set-variable] int iRemainderBits; ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~ scimath.c: In function 'void BaseOrPrecisionChanged()': scimath.c:112:17: warning: unused variable 'dwWordBitWidth' [-Wunused-variable] extern LONG dwWordBitWidth; ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~ g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -Os -fno-aggressive-loop-optimizations -Wall -o build/scimenu.o scimenu.c In file included from scimath.h:22, from scicalc.h:31, from scimenu.c:25: ..\ratpak\ratpak.h:1: warning: ignoring #pragma warning [-Wunknown-pragmas] #pragma warning( disable : 4200 ) g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -Os -fno-aggressive-loop-optimizations -Wall -o build/scioper.o scioper.c In file included from scimath.h:22, from scicalc.h:31, from scioper.c:17: ..\ratpak\ratpak.h:1: warning: ignoring #pragma warning [-Wunknown-pragmas] #pragma warning( disable : 4200 ) scioper.c:26:53: warning: "/*" within comment [-Wcomment] * Routines to perform standard operations &|^~<<>>+-/*% and pwr. g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -Os -fno-aggressive-loop-optimizations -Wall -o build/sciproc.o sciproc.c In file included from scimath.h:22, from scicalc.h:31, from sciproc.c:25: ..\ratpak\ratpak.h:1: warning: ignoring #pragma warning [-Wunknown-pragmas] #pragma warning( disable : 4200 ) g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -Os -fno-aggressive-loop-optimizations -Wall -o build/sciset.o sciset.c In file included from scimath.h:22, from scicalc.h:31, from sciset.c:21: ..\ratpak\ratpak.h:1: warning: ignoring #pragma warning [-Wunknown-pragmas] #pragma warning( disable : 4200 ) sciset.c: In function 'void ActivateButtons()': sciset.c:49:28: warning: comparison of integer expressions of different signedness: 'int' and 'long long unsigned int' [-Wsign-compare] for ( i = 0; i <= ARRAYSIZE(aDecOnlyKeys) ; i++ ) ^ g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -Os -fno-aggressive-loop-optimizations -Wall -o build/scistat.o scistat.c In file included from scimath.h:22, from scicalc.h:31, from scistat.c:33: ..\ratpak\ratpak.h:1: warning: ignoring #pragma warning [-Wunknown-pragmas] #pragma warning( disable : 4200 ) scistat.c: In function 'void SetStat(BOOL)': scistat.c:100:17: warning: comparison of integer expressions of different signedness: 'int' and 'long long unsigned int' [-Wsign-compare] for ( i=0; i<ARRAYSIZE(aStatOnlyKeys); i++) ^ g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -Os -fno-aggressive-loop-optimizations -Wall -o build/unifunc.o unifunc.c In file included from scimath.h:22, from scicalc.h:31, from unifunc.c:13: ..\ratpak\ratpak.h:1: warning: ignoring #pragma warning [-Wunknown-pragmas] #pragma warning( disable : 4200 ) g++ -c -DWIN32 -DW3 -DWINNT -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DUSE_MIRRORING -I..\ratpak -I..\inc -Os -fno-aggressive-loop-optimizations -Wall -o build/wassert.o wassert.c g++ build/calc.o build/input.o build/scicomm.o build/scidisp.o build/scifunc.o build/scikeys.o build/scimath.o build/scimenu.o build/scioper.o build/sciproc.o build/sciset.o build/scistat.o build/unifunc.o build/wassert.o build/calc.rc.o -L..\ratpak\build -L..\..\..\..\enduser\stuff\htmlhelp\build -lratpak -lgdi32 -lhtmlhelp -mwindows -o build/calcHere we see a lot of warnings:
-
unknown-pragmas (#pragma warning)
-
sign-compare
-
parentheses
-
unused-variable
-
maybe-uninitialized
-
dangling-else
-
unused-but-set-variable
Currently, the most of the warnings would be detected by both compilers as well as by static analyzers.
At the end I would like to provide the final code of Makefiles.
Сalc final Makefile
TARGET = calc BUILD_DIR = build OPT = -Os CC = g++ RC = windres C_SOURCES = calc.c \ input.c \ scicomm.c \ scidisp.c \ scifunc.c \ scikeys.c \ scimath.c \ scimenu.c \ scioper.c \ sciproc.c \ sciset.c \ scistat.c \ unifunc.c \ wassert.c RES_SOURCES = calc.rc C_DEFS = -DWIN32 \ -DW3 \ -DWINNT \ -DUNICODE \ -D_UNICODE \ -DUSE_MIRRORING C_INCLUDES = -I..\ratpak \ -I..\inc \ CFLAGS += $(C_DEFS) $(C_INCLUDES) $(OPT) -fno-aggressive-loop-optimizations -Wall LIBS = -lratpak -lgdi32 -lhtmlhelp LIBDIR = -L..\ratpak\build -L..\..\..\..\enduser\stuff\htmlhelp\build LDFLAGS = $(LIBDIR) $(LIBS) -mwindows OBJECTS = $(addprefix $(BUILD_DIR)/,$(notdir $(C_SOURCES:.c=.o))) RES_OBJ = $(addprefix $(BUILD_DIR)/,$(notdir $(RES_SOURCES:.rc=.rc.o))) $(BUILD_DIR)/%.o: %.c Makefile | $(BUILD_DIR) $(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) -o $@ $< $(BUILD_DIR)/%.o: %.rc Makefile | $(BUILD_DIR) $(RC) $^ -o $@ $(BUILD_DIR)/$(TARGET): $(OBJECTS) Makefile $(CC) $(OBJECTS) $(RES_OBJ) $(LDFLAGS) -o $@ $(BUILD_DIR): mkdir $@ all: $(TARGET) clean: -rm -fR $(BUILD_DIR)Ratpak final Makefile
TARGET = ratpak.lib BUILD_DIR = build OPT = -Os C_SOURCES = rat.c \ num.c \ conv.c \ debug.c \ itrans.c \ trans.c \ transh.c \ itransh.c \ logic.c \ fact.c \ basex.c \ exp.c \ support.c \ CC = g++ C_DEFS = -DWIN32 \ -DW3 \ -DWINNT \ -DUNICODE \ -D_UNICODE \ -DNOMINMAX C_INCLUDES = -I. CFLAGS += $(C_DEFS) $(C_INCLUDES) $(OPT) all: $(BUILD_DIR)/$(TARGET) OBJECTS = $(addprefix $(BUILD_DIR)/,$(notdir $(C_SOURCES:.c=.o))) vpath %.c $(sort $(dir $(C_SOURCES))) $(BUILD_DIR)/%.o: %.c Makefile | $(BUILD_DIR) $(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) -o $@ $< $(BUILD_DIR)/$(TARGET): $(OBJECTS) ar ru $@ $^ ranlib $@ $(BUILD_DIR): mkdir $@ clean: -rm -fR $(BUILD_DIR)Htmlhelp final Makefile
TARGET = htmlhelp.lib BUILD_DIR = build OPT = -Os C_SOURCES = init.cpp CC = g++ C_DEFS = C_INCLUDES = -I..\hhctrl CFLAGS += $(C_DEFS) $(C_INCLUDES) $(OPT) all: $(BUILD_DIR)/$(TARGET) OBJECTS = $(addprefix $(BUILD_DIR)/,$(notdir $(C_SOURCES:.cpp=.o))) $(BUILD_DIR)/%.o: %.cpp Makefile | $(BUILD_DIR) $(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) -o $@ $< $(BUILD_DIR)/$(TARGET): $(OBJECTS) ar ru $@ $^ ranlib $@ $(BUILD_DIR): mkdir $@ clean: -rm -fR $(BUILD_DIR)Conclusions
Finally we have the compiled version of calculator from WindowsXP with GCC x64, which launches on the modern versions of Windows. In contrast to the modern version of calculator, which consumes 18.7 MB of memory, the old one consumes only 1.0 MB.
The assembled application works perfectly except of help menu, which does not appear. Probably it is connected with hhctrl library. If you have any ideas what to build next time, please write them in the comments.
I hope the article was interesting and useful. Thank you for attention!
ссылка на оригинал статьи https://habr.com/ru/articles/815283/
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